Clonal growth

R. Streitwolfengel, T. Boiler, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders, Clonal growth traits of two Prunella species are determined by co-occurring arbu.scular mycorrhizal fungi from a calcareous grassland. J. Ecol. (35 181 (1997). 

Figure 26.3 Schematic representation of the steps involved in generating clonal isolates of transformed cells. Cells that are not transformed will terminally differentiate and die, while clonal growths of transformed cells will continue to proliferate and expand on the dish. Individual clones are isolated using cloning rings (glass cylinders that are 1 cm in diameter). Clones can also be pooled if it is desirable to have a population of transformed cells with a mixed origin (See also color insert).

The first experiments describing the clonal growth of hemopoietic progenitor cells immobilized in a soft gel matrix in vitro were reported by Bradley and Metcalf (1966) and Pluznick and Sachs (1965). Clonogenic cells are plated in the presence of various of feeder cells, medium conditioned by the growth of different tissues or cell lines in cultures (for example, 5637 bladder carcinoma conditioned media) and colony stimulating factors such as GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF, Epo, interleukins. 

Finally, we consider physiological expression or suppression, and the long latent period between carcinogen treatment and tumor appearance. While it makes sense to think in terms of phenotypic lag, clonal growth, vascularization, immuno-suppression, and other phenomena, we just do not know enough today to define clear-cut experimental approaches. However, at the human level, the undesirable endpoints of this series of processes are clear teratologic syndromes, cancer, and heritable birth defects. 

The gel microdroplet technique is described in articles by Powell KT, Weaver JC (1990). Gel microdroplets and flow cytometry Rapid determination of antibody secretion by individual cells within a cell population. Bio/Technology 8 333 337 and Weaver JC, Bliss JG, Powell KT, et al. (1991). Rapid clonal growth measurements at the single cell level. Bio/ Technology 9 873. 

Fig. 11.12. Reprinted from Weaver JC, et al. (1991). Rapid clonal growth measurements at the single cell level gel microdroplets and flow cytometry. Bio/Technology 9 873.

Rheinwald JG (1989), Methods for clonal growth and serial cultivation of normal human epidermal keratinocytes and mesothelial cells, In Baserga R (Ed.), Cell Growth and Division A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Oxford, pp. 81-94. 

Ham RG (1965), Clonal growth of mammalian cells in a chemically defined synthetic medium, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 53 288. 

OuYC, Conolly RB, Thomas RS, Xu Y, Andersen ME, Chubb LS, Pitot HC, Yang RSH. 2001. A clonal growth model time-course simulations of liver foci growth following penta- or hexachlorobenzene treatment in a medium-term bioassay. Cancer Res 61 1879-1889. 

Doerr, R., Zvibel, I., Chiuten, D., D Olimpio, J. and Reid, L. M. (1989). Clonal growth of tumors on tissue-specific biomatrices and correlation with organ-site specificity of metastases. Cancer Res. 49, 384-392. 

Gospodarowicz, D., Moran, J., Braun, D. and Birdwell, C. (1976). Clonal growth of bovine vascular endothelial cells FGF as a survival agent. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73,4120-4124. 

Ham RG McKeehan WL (1978) Nutritional requirements for clonal growth of nontransformed cells. In Katsuka H (ed.) Nutritional Requirements of Cultured Cells, pp. 63-116. Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, and University Park Press, Baltimore. 

McKeehan WL Ham RG (1976) Stimulation of clonal growth of normal fibroblasts with substrate coated with basic polymers. Journal of Cell Biology 71 727-734. 

Lin H Hsu S (1986) Modulation of tissue mononuclear phagocyte clonal growth by oxygen and antioxidant enzymes. Experimental Hematology 14 840-844. 

Pharmacodynamic Modeling of the Clonal Growth of Initiated Liver Cells 55... 

To express the clonal growth model in mathematical terms, the growth kinetics of normal hepatocytes depend on the cell birth rate, a, and death rate, (k... 

Imbalanced and uncontrolled clonal growth of mutant cells may lead to preneoplastic lesions. 

Down-scaling of the suspension cultures to microtiter plates was successfully established for testing culture supplementations [43]. This allows efficient and rapid medium optimization, and also opens the possibility of automating the upstream development. In combination, the overall direct transformation, clonal growth without any crossing steps, and the technical abihty to speed the process development will minimize the time-to-market for biopharmaceuticals produced in moss. 

Frazier ME and Andrews TK (1979) In vitro clonal growth assay for evaluating toxicity of metal salts. In Kharasch N, ed. Trace Metals in Health and Disease, pp. 71-81. Raven Press, New York. 

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