Fish innate immune response

Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein plays a major role in induction of the fish innate immune response against RNA and DNA viruses , J Virol, 83, 7815-27. 

Early life stages of zebrafish have also been proposed as models to study the immune response. The innate immune response or components of the underpinning signaling pathways are already established in zebrafish embryos, and proinflammatory responses provoked by pathogens have been observed.90-93 However, immune modulation by drugs has yet not been addressed in fish embryos. 

Watzke J, Schirmer K, Scholz S. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides induce genes involved in the innate immune response in embryos of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2007 23 901-905. 

Esteban M. A., Mulero V, Cuesta A., Ortuno J., and Meseguer J. 2000. Effects of injecting chitin particles on the innate immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol 10 543-554. 

Interferons (IFNs) are an important class of broad spectrum antiviral cytokines found in higher animals, reptiles, fish, and birds. IFNs make up a large, still growing list of proteins, seven of which occur in humans. These are further divided into three classes types I, II, and III. Two important type I IFNs in human are IFNa and IFNy. There are at least 14 different alpha IFNs. These are produced by leukocytes and dendritic cells and are part of an innate immune response with antiviral action. IFNp, produced by fibroblasts and probably many other cells, is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. It inhibits viral replication and is the product of a single gene. Two synthetic... 

Key words fish immune organs, pattern recognition receptors (PRR), innate immune responses, adaptive immune responses, immune regulation. 

WHYTE SK (2007), The innate immune response of fiufish - a review of current knowledge . Fish Shellfish Immunol, 23,1127-51. 

The innate immune response is the first line of defense against infections, triggered immediately after the first encounter between host and pathogen. The innate defenses in fish comprise a wide repertoire of biological actions... 

There may well be a contribution to parasitic disease control in dietary supplementation with immunostimulants, given the relative importance of the innate immune response in fish defences against parasites, but research is necessary to formulate and standardise the diets before they will be commercially useful and to establish that they are wholly beneficial without adverse side effects. As with other measures in this chapter, they will make a contribution to control when integrated with other measures and further investigations into the usefulness of immunostimulants in the control of parasitic diseases would be very fruitful. 

The innate and adaptive immune system of fish 39 T cell immune response... 

BEHERA T, NANDA PK, MOHANTY C, MOHAPATRA D, SWAIN P, DAS BK, ROUTRAY P, MISHRA BK, SAHOO SK. Parenteral immunization of fish, Labeo rohita with poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) encapsulated antigen microparticles promotes innate and adaptive immune responses. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2010,28,320-325. 

Fish are the largest group of vertebrates and the first phylogenetic group to display a complete immune system formed by the innate and adaptive immune response in comparison to the invertebrates. The adaptive immune... 

Abstract Infectious diseases cause severe problems in the aquaculture industry, with viral diseases being responsible for the greatest losses in production. Disease prevention strategies still have some limitations in terms of safety and efficacy. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are molecules of the innate immune system, one of the first lines of defense against pathogens. Usually they not only exhibit antimicrobial activity, but also modulate the immune response. This review focuses on fish AMPs and their antiviral and immunoregulatory activities in order to assess their potential relevance to aquaculture. Since fish depend on their innate immune defenses more than mammals, they could be an alternative source of novel antiviral compounds. 

Fish represent the earliest class of vertebrates in which both innate and acquired, or adaptive, immune mechanisms are present. The innate immune system appears to play a central role in the response to infections in fish, whereas in mammals the adaptive immune system is more significant. The intrinsic inefficiency of the adaptive immune response in fish is due to its evolutionary status - it only possesses IgM-like responses - and, moreover, due to environmental constraints such as temperature, because of the poi-kilothermic nature of fish. These factors result in a limited antibody repertoire, poor affinity maturation and memory, slow lymphocyte proliferation, and a short-lived secondary response. ... 

Abstract This chapter describes what is known about the main components and responses of the innate and adaptive immune system of fish. The chapter first reviews the organs, cells and molecules of the immune system known in a few economically important or model fish species. Molecular evidence suggests a similar immune system exists throughout the jawed vertebrates yet marked differences are also apparent. The innate parameters are at the forefront of fish immune defence and are a crucial factor in disease resistance. The adaptive response of fish is commonly delayed but is essential for long lasting immunity and a key factor in successful vaccination. 

TORT, L., BALASCH, J. c. MACKENZIE, s. (2003) Fish immune system. A crossroads between innate and adaptive responses. Inmunologi a. 22,277-286. 

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