Fish and shellfish

Citric acid is used in carbonated beverages to provide tartness, modify and enhance flavors, and chelate trace metals. It is often added to jams and jellies to control pH and provide tartness. It is used in cured and freeze-dried meat products to protect the amino acids (qv) and improve water retention. Bakers use it to improve the flavor of fmit fillings in baked goods. Because citric acid is a good chelator for trace metals, it is used as an antioxidant synergist in fats and oils, and as a preservative in frozen fish and shellfish (7) (see Antioxidaisits). 

Seafood Toxins. Vktually scores of fish and shellfish species have been reported to have toxic manifestations. Most of these toxicities have been shown to be microbiological ki origin. There are a few, however, that are natural components of seafoods. 

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in marine products and estimation of exposure through fishes and shellfishes 97YZ850. 

Fish and Shellfish. Sardines in oil and also in tomato sauce and mustard sauce are packed commercially in enameled aluminum cans. However, tomato and mustard sauces are corrosive products that can attack metal containers. Sardines prepared in these sauces should not exceed 3.0% total acidity, expressed as acetic acid. Otherwise, the presently used interior can enamels will not protect the food sufficiently to prevent chemical reactions with the metal. 

Fig. 15-8 The mercury cycle, demonstrating the bioaccumulation of mercury in fish and shellfish. Reprinted with permission from An Assessment of Mercury in the Environment" (1978) by the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

Frozen reference materials have been produced by NIST (Wise et al. 1993). These materials do not have the disadvantages of the oils or freeze-dried materials, but are more difficult to transport. Obviously they have to be kept deep-frozen during transport, which makes their use rather expensive. Since the early 1990 s a new approach in this field has been introduced. This concerned the use of wet, sterilized fish and shellfish samples. These samples, packed in glass jars or in tins, were firstly used in the QUASIMEME program as reference materials for inter-laboratory studies (de Boer 1997). Later, when it appeared that the stability was maintained for longer periods, tests for organic contaminants based on this principle were also prepared. 

Bangor Naval Submarine Base Recreational fishing Fish and shellfish consumption TNT RDX Picric acidc Picramic acidc... 

Fish and Shellfish Advisories Number of Advisories Issued EPA 1998f... 

Ogata, M., Fujisawa, K., Ogino, Y., Mano, E. (1984) Partition coefficients as a measure of bioconcentration potential of crude oil compounds in fish and shellfish. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 33, 561-567. 

Biological Effects of Chemical Pollution in Feral Fish and Shellfish Populations from Ebro River From Molecular to Individual Level Responses... 

The Ebro catchment is the largest river basin in Spain. It covers an area of 85,362 km2 (http //www.chebro.es) and receives the potential influence of three million people. It suffers a considerable ecological impact from different industrial activities located predominantly in the last third of its course. These activities result on the release to the Ebro River and to some of its tributaries of Tm quantities of chlorinated organic compounds, PBDE and other brominated flame retardants, mercury, and other metals. In addition, intensive agricultural practices, mainly concentrated in the last 30 km of the river course and in its Delta, imply the use of large quantity of pesticides and fertilizers. In this paper, we review physiological effects of these pollutants in resident fish and shellfish populations and provide a general picture of the health status of the low course of the Ebro River. 

The choice of reference sites is arguably more difficult that the picking of impacted ones, as human impact is overwhelmingly present all on the Ebro River. For Vero River, the selected reference site was located in a pristine area upstream of Barbastro (see Fig. 1). For Cinca River, the reference site was located upstream of Monzon, avoiding also the influence of the Vero River (see Fig. 1). At the Riba-roja dam (210 Hm3, www.embalses.net), upstream of Flix, Ebro River receives water from several large tributaries. This area was considered as reference for the low Ebro sites. Chemical analyses for different pollutants (see below) of sediments, fish, and shellfish collected in these areas confirmed their suitability as reference sites. 

Fish and shellfish collection locales marine Tissues human <4 pg/L 27... 

Tokuyama Bay, Japan, received 6.6 metric tons of mercury wastes between 1952 and 1975 in wastewater from two chloralkali plants, although sediment analysis suggests that as much as 380 tons of mercury were released (Nakanishi et al. 1989). Unlike Minamata Bay, however, there were no human sicknesses reported, and the hair of residents contained 0 to 5 mg Hg/kg FW vs. 15 to 100 mg Hg/kg FW in Minamata residents. In 1970, a maximum concentration of 3.3 mg total Hg/kg FW was reported in tissues of Squilla, a crustacean. In 1973, a health safety limit was set of 0.4 mg total Hg/kg FW in edible fish and shellfish tissues with a maximum of 0.3 mg methyl-mercury/kg FW permitted at least five species of fish had more than 0.4 mg total Hg/kg FW, and fishing was prohibited. Contaminated sediments (>15 mg total Hg/kg) were removed by dredging and reclamation between 1974 and 1977. By 1979, the mercury content of all fish, except one species, was less than 0.4 mg total Hg/kg FW fishing was prohibited. By 1983, all fish and shellfish contained less than 0.4 mg Hg/kg FW and fishing was allowed (Nakanishi et al. 1989). 

Fujiki, M. 1963. Studies on the course that the causative agent of Minamata disease was formed, especially on the accumulation of the mercury compound in the fish and shellfish of Minamata Bay. Jour. Kumamoto Med. Soc. 37 494-521. 

Holden, A.V. 1973. Mercury in fish and shellfish, a review. Jour. Food Technol. 8 1-25. 

From consumption of fish and shellfish products alone Tissue residues Less than 101.0 pg/L 6... 

Nordone, A.J., T.A. Dotson, M.F. Kovacs, R. Doane, and R.C. Biever. 1998. Metabolism of [14C]acrolein (Magnacide H herbicide) nature and magnitude of residues in freshwater fish and shellfish. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 276-281. 

Kelly, A.G. and D. Campbell. 1994. Persistent Organochlorine Contaminants in Fish and Shellfish from Scottish Waters. Scottish Fish. Res. Rep. No. 54. 26 pp. 

Yamagishi, T., T. Miyazaki, K. Akiyama, S. Keneko, and S. Horii. 1981b. Residues of chlordanes in fish and shellfish from Kanto area and its vicinity. Jour. Food Hyg. Soc. Japan 22 270-278. 

Reinke, J., J.F. Uthe, H.C. Freeman, and J.R. Johnston. 1975. The determination of arsenite and arsenate ions in fish and shellfish by selective extraction and polarography. Environ. Lett. 8 371-380. 

Heavy consumers of Irish Sea fish and shellfish in local fishing communities — 250 55-90... 

Because of the persistence of endrin in the environment and its potential to bioconcentrate significantly in aquatic organisms, there has been continued concern over the levels of endrin in fish and shellfish. This concern, however, appears to be limited primarily to specific sites where endrin was used heavily in agriculture or was discharged by industrial plants. In 1963, at the height of agricultural endrin use, endrin levels in catfish poisoned by endrin exceeded 4 ppm (4,000 ppb) during a fish kill (Mount and Putnicki... 

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