Types and Classes

The five main classes of stainless steels are martensitic, ferritic, austenitic, precipitation-hardenable, and duplex. 

Class Martensitic—Body-Centered Tetragonal, Magnetic, Heat-Treatable 

Class Austenitic—Face-Centered Cubic, Nonmagnetic, not Heat-Treatable 

In general, the highest resistance to uniform corrosion is obtained with the nickel-bearing austenitic types, and, in general, the highest nickel-composition alloys in this class are more resistant than the lowest nickel compositions. For 

Optimum corrosion resistance, austenitic alloys must be quenched (rapidly cooled by water or by an air blast) from about 1050-1100°C (1920-2000 1 ). The molybdenum-containing austenitic alloys (316, 316L, 317) have improved corrosion resistance to chloride-containing environments, dilute nonoxidizing acids, and 

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Careful records must be kept to enable verification of compHance. Each lot of wine must be traceable back to the grapes and vineyard. Tanks must be carefully gauged and the capacities recorded on them. If the wine is to be labeled "estate botded," not only must the wine be fermented, processed, and bottled by the state winery at thein Hsted address, but the vineyard must also be owned or controlled by that winery. Other label terrninology, subject to some further intricacies, are "produced," ie, fermented 75% or made into a different class of wine "prepared," "vinted," or "cellared," ie, subjected to ceUar processing or aging without changing the class of wine "blended," ie, combined at the stated address, wines (probably purchased) of the same class and type and "botded" or "packed" by the stated winery. 

Class I BSCs are, from the functional view, similar to a fume cupboard (Section 10.2.3). Class II cabinets are used for product and worker protection. Class III cabinets are used for work with very dangerous microbiological or radioactive agents and provide maximum protection to the environment and the worker. The class and type of BSC used is dependent on the demands for worker and product protection. 

The CDC-NIH document describes, in detail, the different uses of the different classes and types of BSCs and the type of protection (personnel, product, and environmental) each type provides. The document also provides a detailed comparison of filtration (air cleaning), airflow pattern (into the cabinet from the room or from the supply duct), and necessary performance tests (leak, velocity profile, differential pressure, etc.) for each type of BSC (see also Simons ). 

Table 1 Acute oral toxicity, structure class, and type of clinical sign in rats...

More-detailed discussion of object-oriented design can be found in Chapter 16. Classes and types in OO languages are discussed in Section 3.13. 

Documentation of a framework—a set of abstract and concrete classes and types that must be extended by the client before using it—should also explicitly include the super-class/subclass interface and describe what is expected of anyone extending and overriding methods in the framework. 

An effective tactic is to stare at the diagram and think, Does the idea of a Hatstand make sense on its own without the idea of a Hat Or vice versa and act on the results (substituting your own types for Hats). Beyond that, the tactics are a bit different for classes and types. 

A discussion of types and classes in programming languages is in [D Souza97]. Specification aspects of classes and types is discussed in [Wills95b] and [D Souza96b],... 

Information presented and discussed includes the number of PMNs submitted, an analysis of the classes and types of new chemicals, the most active product development areas and the actual number of new chemicals which have been commercialized after... 

Neverthless, it is possible to analyze the information supplied by industry on new chemicals and summarize it in a way which does not breach CBI. This is what I have done in preparing this paper and it is the work of many of my cohorts within the Office of Toxic Substances. I intend to summarize the experience of EPA in dealing with these notices including an analysis of the classes and types of new chemicals, market areas, company size and other data. From this I will draw some conclusions about the impact of this requirement of TSCA on new product innovation and will describe what EPA is doing about it. 

EPA s D.G. Bannerman reviewed these impacts on the market introduction of new chemicals. He summarized EPA s experience and analyzed the classes and types of new chemicals, company size, market areas, and, among other data, the number of notified chemicals actually reported to be commercialized. He stressed a new joint industry-EPA program to assist the smaller chemical companies to comply with TSCA, especially with premanufacturing notification. This will minimize negative impacts on product innovation without reducing the effectiveness of EPA s assessment of risks of new chemicals. 

So far in this chapter, the discussion has been relevant to standard pharmaceutical agents. There are new pharmacological classes and types of agents emerging all the time and some might require special consideration and special development programs. Some examples are included below. 

Many studies have provided evidence that pheromones on the silk and/or the cuticle of females stimulate courtship or related behaviors in males, as do the few pheromones that have been fully identified to date. Contact with the pheromone and with silk or cuticle is usually necessary to evoke the proper courtship responses. Olfactory cues, such as those in A. aperta, may release courtship when the male is in contact with silk. There are insufficient data to draw conclusions about which classes and types of chemical might typically be used for the various kinds of pheromone, particularly as the few identified pheromone structures vary widely in polarity, volatility, and other chemical characteristics. 

Select the class and type of pump. Three classes of pumps are used today—centrifugal, rotary, and reciprocating (Fig. 6.17). Note that these terms apply only to the mechanics of moving the liquid— not to the service for which the pump was designed. Each class of pump is further subdivided into a number of types (Fig. 6.17). 

Use Table 6.24 as a general guide to the class and type of pump to be used. For example, when a large capacity at moderate pressure is required. Table 6.24 shows that a centrifugal pump would probably be best. Table 6.24 also shows the typical characteristics of various classes and types of pumps used in industrial process work. 

Consider the liquid properties when choosing the class and type of pump, because exceptionally severe conditions may rule out one or another class of pump at the start. Thus, screw- and gear-type rotary pumps are suitable for handling viscous, nonabrasive liquid (Table 6.24). When an abrasive liquid must be handled, either another class of pump or another type of rotary pump must be used. 

Once the class and type of pump are selected, consult a rating table (Table 6.25) or rating chart (Fig. 6.18) to determine if a suitable pump is available from the manufacturer whose unit will be used. When the hydraulic requirements fall between two standard pump models, it is usual practice to choose the next larger size of pump, unless there is some reason why an exact head and capacity are required for the unit. When one manufacturer does not have the desired unit, refer to the engineering data of other manufacturers. Also keep in mind that some pumps are custom-built for a given job when precise head and capacity requirements must be met. 

In addition to the major classes and types of drugs described in the main body of this text, there are a number of other controlled substances which may be less frequently encountered by the forensic scientist. Some examples of these are presented in the following table. (Note that this selection is not intended to be exhaustive - merely illustrative.)... 

Programme algorithms are considered in detail elsewhere e.g. [54] but in general a similarity index or correlation coefficient has to be calculated for each fit due to variations in spectral data. The latter arise from the differences in spectra on different instruments or under different conditions, from additional components in unresolved GC-peaks and from discrepancies due to concentration changes. A yes/no answer can be more closely approached when all spectra are unique and completely reproducible. The best fits within specified correlations are normally printed out and further criteria have to be applied to these to obtain the final answer. This would be straightforward assuming the correct spectrum was on file. In cases where this is not so, some indication of the class and type of compound may be suggested from the list of best fits. 

The general approach of this book is to familiarize you with the classes and types of reaction mechanisms that are known and to give you the tools to learn how to draw mechanisms for reactions that you have never seen before. The body of each chapter discusses the more common mechanistic pathways and suggests practical tips for drawing them. The discussion of each type of mechanism contains both worked and unworked problems. You are urged to work the unsolved problems yourself. Common error alerts are scattered throughout the text to warn you about common pitfalls and misconceptions that bedevil students. Pay attention to these alerts, as failure to observe their strictures has caused many, many exam points to be lost over the years. 

A wide range of products, including every class and type of surfactant, has been found to exhibit demulsification properties. The most commonly used products in lubricant formulations contain anionic surfactants such as alkyl-naphthalene sulphonates. Nonionic alkoxylated alkyl-phenol resins and block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide are also used. 

The Federal Alcohol Control Administration in a regulation (Series 4) dated June 13, 1934 defines a number of classes and types of whiskey which include ... 

Fire classes and type of extinguishers and use. Fuel, oxygen, and heat. How to extinguish a "flashback. Calling for help and knowing extinguisher locations. 

Several lines of evidence indicate that MHC class and allotype restriction is due to thymic selection of alfi complexes [52], Thus, in most cases neither the a chain alone nor the P chain (nor any Va or gene segment) is individually sufficient for the recognition of MHC class ([32,53-55] one exception is discussed in [56]) and allotype [35,57-59], However, individual a and p chains may recognize MHC molecules non-specifically, i.e. independently of class and type. Thus, the same a chain is shared by a/p TcR s specific for (1) pigeon cytochrome c and MHC class II Ek or Ek,b [37,58] (2) ovalbumin and MHC class II Ab [59] (3) an allotypic MHC class I Db [59],... 

The purpose of this book is to help you leam how to draw reasonable mechanisms for organic reactions. The general approach is to familiarize you with the classes and types of reaction mechanisms that are known and to give you the tools to leam how to draw mechanisms for reactions that you have never seen before. 

The first report of gas adsorption in a MOF was in 2000 and described the adsorption of CH4 in [Cu(4,4-bipy)SiF6]oo which shows an adsorption capacity comparable to that of zeolites and active carbons [79]. The first example of H2 storage in a MOF was reported in 2003 [80]. A wide range of such materials have now been investigated and we summarise herein some representative compounds and systems with particular emphasis on the different classes and types of porous coordination polymers that show significant gas uptake and storage potential. 

Mainly builds on ch12 Classes and types of mechanisms Asymmetric synthesis ch41... 

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