Proinflammatory response

Flohe, S.B. et al., Enhanced proinflammatory response to endotoxin after priming of macrophages with lead ions, J. Leukoc. Biol. 71,417, 2002. 

Figure 5 Direct antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of host defense peptides. Cationic host defense peptides exert their anti-infective activities through either direct antimicrobial activity or through modulation of the host immune response. HDP-mediated direct antimicrobial activity has been demonstrated in vivo for those HDPs that are either present at physiological concentrations that match their respective MIC values or are not inhibited by high salt or divalent cation concentrations. Most natural HDPs have also been demonstrated to be involved in the induction of innate and adaptive immune responses within the host as well as the selective suppression of proinflammatory responses. Ultimately,...

Verstak, B., Nagpal, K., Bottomley, S.P., Golenbock, D.T., Hertzog, P.J., Mansell, A. MyD88 adapter-like (Mal)/TIRAP interaction with TRAF6 is critical for TLR2- and TLR4-mediated NF-kappaB proinflammatory responses. J Biol Chem 284 (2009) 24192-24203. 

Significantly reduces TNF-a and IL-1 [S proinflammatory responses in healthy monkeys and prolonged exposure to it was well tolerated [145]... 

Endothelial cells Chronic proinflammatory response Leukocyte infiltration (rolling and adhesion), vascular dilation, inflammation mediator release (e.g., histamine, cytokines, eicosanoids)... 

Senn JJ, Burel S, Henry SP. Non-CpG containing antisense 2 MOE oligonucleotides activate a proinflammatory response independent of TLR-9 or myd88. J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut 2005 314 972-9. 

Combs CK, Johnson DE, Karlo JC, Cannady SB, Landreth GE (2000) Inflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer s disease inhibition of f -amyloid-stimulated proinflammatory responses and neurotoxicity by PPARy agonists. J Neurosci 20 558-567... 

Chronic hyperglycemia induces numerous alterations in the vasculature that accelerate the atherosclerotic process. Several major mechanisms contribute to the pathological alterations in blood vessels in diabetes, including 1) the nonenzymatic glyco-sylation of proteins and lipids, which form advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) that can interfere with their normal function and 2) the induction of oxidative and nitrosative stress, as well as exacerbation of proinflammatory responses (50). These abnormalities lead to impaired endogenous platelet inhibition and platelet activation, which could result in arterial thrombosis, and consequently myocardial infarction and stroke (51). 

M. E. Figueiredo-Pereira et al., Proteasome inhibition in neuronal cells induces a proinflammatory response manifested by upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2, ist accumulation as ubiquitin conjugates, and production of the prostaglandin PGE2, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 311 (1994) 168-173. 

Early life stages of zebrafish have also been proposed as models to study the immune response. The innate immune response or components of the underpinning signaling pathways are already established in zebrafish embryos, and proinflammatory responses provoked by pathogens have been observed.90-93 However, immune modulation by drugs has yet not been addressed in fish embryos. 

Kacimi, R., Vessey, DA., Honbo, N., and Karliner, JS., Adult cardiac fibroblasts null for sphingosine kinase-1 exhibit growth dysregulation and an enhanced proinflammatory response, J Mol Cell Cardiol, 43 (2007) 85-91. 

Burkart V, Kim YE, Hartmann B ct al. Cholera toxin B pretreatment of macrophages and monocytes diminishes their proinflammatory responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol 2002 168(4) 1730-1737. 

For Al Oj nanoparticles, most studies to date conclude that they are biocompatible and reveal little or no adverse effects. This conclusion has been verified in various tissue cells, zebrafish embryo, and frait flies [23,24]. For example, a recent dose-dependent study on human fibroblasts showed that Al Oj nanoparticles (at doses from 0.1 to 10mg/T75 flask) had no adverse effect on cell viability and DNA up to 5days [24]. However, there are a few cases that reported the opposite results. For example, Oesterling et al. [25] showed that the existence of AI2O3 nanoparticles increased the cytokine release and adhesion of activated monocytes, indicating proinflammatory responses induced by the nanoparticles. 

---