Immune organs

Nohara, K., et.al., The effects of perinatal exposure to low doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorod-ibenzo-p-dioxin on immune organs in rats, Toxicology, 154, 123, 2000. 

Toxic Effects of Environmental Contaminants on Immune Organs,... 

The impacts of contaminants on the structure of the immune system can be assessed by examining white blood cell (WBC) numbers and the mass and cellularity of immune organs, although these indicators are usually not as sensitive as measures of immune function. Avian immunotoxicity studies frequently assess total and (or) differential WBC counts [79], and immunosuppression can be indicated by reduced numbers of WBCs or elevated WBC numbers caused by recurrent infections. An elevated heterophil to lymphocyte ratio can indicate altered immune status in response to corticosteroid stress hormones or other factors [78,7 9], Exposure to lead shot or lead acetate has been shown to alter total and (or) differential WBC numbers in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix) and mallards [81-83], In western grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis) from California, concentrations of mercury in the kidney were positively correlated with heterophil... 

Grasman, K.A., and Whitacre, L.A., Effects of 3,3, 4,4, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) on thymocyte surface marker expression and immune organ development in chicken embryos, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 62, 101, 2001. 

Kelly, C.J., The influence of environmental contaminants on immune organ atrophy and thymocyte apoptosis in herring gull embryos from the Great Lakes, M.S. thesis, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, 2003. 

Immunopathology Routine hematology—complete and differential count routine toxicology information—weights of body, immune organs (spleen and thymus), liver, and kidney histopathology of immune organs. 

Carcinogenesis As a result of depressed cell-mediated immunity, organ transplant patients have an increased risk of developing malignancies. 

Undemutrition during fetal and early life impacts upon the development of the immune organs and appears to diminish cellular immunity and increase the risk of atopic disorders during childhood (Langley-Evans and Carrington 2006). The references confirm that many food components have a beneficial impact on various elements of the immune system. Proteins, some fats, vitamins (A, B6, E, and folic acid), macro- and microelements (zinc, iron, selenium, and copper), and certain bacteria (probiotic bacteria), for example, have a considerable effect on the immune system. 

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