Innate immune response

The mammalian immune system is divided into innate and adaptive immune responses. Innate or non-learned events aim to block the entry of... 

A cascade of proteins of the immune response that can be triggered by antigen-antibody complexes and by the innate immune system (e.g. exposure to microbial polysaccharides) to raise the immune response. Complement proteins can detect and bind to foreign material or immune complexes and label them for phagocytosis. They can also cause inflammation by directly degranulating mast cells and releasing chemokines to recruit other immune cells into the affected area. 

Immune Defense. Figure 1 Innate immune responses after challenge of skin or mucosa Acute inflammation and priming of adaptive immunity. 

Immune Defense. Figure 3 Drugs involved in suppressing innate and adaptive immune response. Abbreviations mob monoclonal antibody, TCR T-cell antigen receptor, IL-2 interleukin-2, R receptor, CD cluster of differentiation. 

NF-kB regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses ( immune defense) [2]. Understanding the function of NF-kB in the development, maintenance, and activation of cells from the immune system (including hematopoietic cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, B and T lymphocytes) has greatly benefited from the analysis of knockout mice in which individual NF-kB family members were defective. 

The innate immune response is initiated once the host detects the presence of foreign pathogens. This recognition step is performed by specialized cells of... 

There is only one known type II IFN, IFN-y, discovered in 1965 (Wheelock and Sibley 1965). IFN-y is exclusively produced by immune cells, such as activated thymus-derived T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, after stimulation by foreign antigens or mitogens in the early stages of the innate immune response (Boehm etal. 1997). The human IFN-y gene maps to chromosome 12. IFN-y is a noncovalent... 

Gough DJ, Sabapathy K, Ko EY, Arthur HA, Schreiber RD, Trapani JA, Clarke CJ, Johnstone RW (2007) A novel c-Jun-dependent signal transduction pathway necessary for the transcriptional activation of interferon gamma response genes. J Biol Chem 282 938-946 Guidotti LG, Chisari EV (2001) Noncytolytic control of viral infections by the innate and adaptive immune response. Annu Rev Immunol 19 65-91... 

Following tissue injury, the innate immune response is the first line of defense against possible pathogen infections. Through evolutionary pressures, the body automatically assumes infection which will be present post injury. Innate immunity... 

Although controversial, findings as to how chronically administered morphine modulates neutrophil chemotaxis and function, a growing consensus believes that morphine is suppressive in the recruitment and functional aspects of these cells during an innate immune response. When peripheral human blood neutrophils were pretreated with exogenous opioids, lL-8-induced chemotaxis was inhibited (Grimm et al. 1998). Conversely, Simpkins et al. reported an increase in neutrophil chemotaxis... 

Innate immune response to viral infections is predominately through interferon-alpha, -beta (IFN-a and -P) induction and activation of natural killer (NK) cells. Although viral replication can induce IFN-a and -P expression, macrophages are capable of producing and secreting cytokines which also induce the production of these type I interferons (Falk 2001). Bound IFNa and p to its receptors on NK cells increases its ability to lyse virally-infected cells. 

Wang J, Barke RA, Charboneau R, Roy S (2005) Morphine impairs host innate immune response and increases susceptibility to streptococcus pneumoniae lung infection. J Immunol 174(l) 426-434... 

The improved short-term outcomes gained from induction therapy come with a degree of risk. By using these highly immunosuppressive agents, particularly the antilymphocyte antibodies (ALAs), muronomab-CD3 (OKT-3), and the antithymocyte antibodies, the body loses much of its innate ability to mount a cell-mediated immune response, which increases the risk of opportunistic infections and cancer.7,10... 

Imiquimod is an immune response modifier that has the ability to activate acquired and innate immune response. It is a topical agent that has been shown to be effective for SCC in case reports. It has been studied more extensively in superficial and nodular BCC, with response rates of 70% to 88%.72 The most common side effects are erythema, itching, pain, and crusting... 

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in humans, comprising about two thirds of peripheral blood leukocytes. Upon tissue injury, they rapidly infiltrate injury sites and play an important role in innate immune responses. In addition, they also contribute to the development of adaptive immune responses by producing an array of cytokines and chemokines. Tissue infiltration of neutrophils is initiated by signals generated by the interaction between chemoattractants produced at sites of injury and their corresponding cell surface receptors. Classical chemoattractants, such as C5a, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-... 

Medzhitov, R. and Janeway, C.A. (1999) Innate immunity impact on the adaptive immune response. Current Opinion in Immunology 9, 4-9. 

Muc2 and Muc3, and mucin mRNA are coordinately upregulated in response to T. spiralis infection and may form the basis of an innate mucosal response independent of specific IFN-y, TNF and IL-4 cytokines. Importandy, this study also demonstrated that goblet cell hyperplasia and upregulated mucin secretion are not essential components of the protective immune response to GI helminths. 

Returning to bacteria, PC also appears to play a role in infection of humans by pathogenic strains/species by allowing colonization and invasiveness due to interaction with appropriate receptors on host endothelial cells (reviewed by Harnett and Harnett, 1999). This may act as a double-edged sword, however, as the PC on the surface of the bacteria can be targeted by both the innate and adaptive immune responses and indeed such responses appear to play a role in the control of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae, respectively, in humans (reviewed by Harnett and Harnett, 1999). 

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