Immunity innate

A cascade of proteins of the immune response that can be triggered by antigen-antibody complexes and by the innate immune system (e.g. exposure to microbial polysaccharides) to raise the immune response. Complement proteins can detect and bind to foreign material or immune complexes and label them for phagocytosis. They can also cause inflammation by directly degranulating mast cells and releasing chemokines to recruit other immune cells into the affected area. 

Defensins are a group of antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides made by immune cells. There are seven defensins in humans, six alpha-defensins and one beta-defensin, which are involved in the innate immune defense at the surface of epithelia from the respiratory tract, the intestinal tract or the urinary tract. 

Humoral immunity depends on soluble, noncellular effector mechanisms of the immune system. These include defensins and complement components (proteins of the innate immune system) and antibodies (products of the adaptive immune system). They are capable of reacting with foreign substances (e.g., bacteria and viruses) to produce detoxification and elimination. 

Acute Inflammation is the Immediate Response of Innate Immunity to Pathogens. 

Immune Defense. Figure 1 Innate immune responses after challenge of skin or mucosa Acute inflammation and priming of adaptive immunity. 

While cells of the innate immune system can combat invading microbes autonomously, their effector mechanisms are also used and greatly enforced by the... 

In the specialized environment of secondary lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes or spleen, dendritic cells provide the requirements for naive T-lymphocytes to become activated and to proliferate. The professional antigen-presenting cells present peptides in MHC II, express costimulatory molecules, and release cytokines into the immunological synapse, which is formed by the antigen-presenting cell and the naive T-lymphocyte. Thus, cells of innate immunity initiate and facilitate the activation of naive lymphocytes, and it is easily conceivable that their cytokines and adhesion molecules will instruct the naive T-lymphocyte during activation and differentiation to T-effector cells. 

The innate immune response is initiated once the host detects the presence of foreign pathogens. This recognition step is performed by specialized cells of... 

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are receptors expressed by cells from the innate immune system... 

The innate immune system is found across all organisms and is thought to have originated before the split into animal and plant kingdoms. It is the body s primaiy response to attack. Receptors used in this system must be capable of recognising abroad range of pathogens. This... 

Coffman RL, et al (2007) Therapentic targeting of innate immunity with Toll-like receptor agonists and antagonists. Nat med 13(5) 552-559... 

Ulevitch RJ (2004) Therapeutics targeting the innate immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 4(7) 512—520... 

Li XD, Sun L, Seth RB, Pineda G, Chen ZJ (2005) Hepatitis C virus protease NS3/4A cleaves mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein off the mitochondria to evade innate immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 17717-17722... 

Seth RB, Sun L, Chen ZJ (2006) Antiviral innate immunity pathways. Cell research 16 141-147 Shapiro RL, Thior I, Gilbert PB, Lockman S, Wester C, Smeaton LM, Stevens L, Heymann SJ, Ndung u T, Gaseitsiwe S et al. (2006) Maternal single-dose nevirapine versus placebo as part of an antiretroviral strategy to prevent mother-to-chUd HIV transmission in Botswana. Aids 20 1281-1288... 

There is only one known type II IFN, IFN-y, discovered in 1965 (Wheelock and Sibley 1965). IFN-y is exclusively produced by immune cells, such as activated thymus-derived T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, after stimulation by foreign antigens or mitogens in the early stages of the innate immune response (Boehm etal. 1997). The human IFN-y gene maps to chromosome 12. IFN-y is a noncovalent... 

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