Focus of This Review

Reports of molecular recognition and self-assembly aspects of supramolecular chemistry associated with dendrimers and related structures will be the chief focus of this review. 

Collectively, the MMP are capable of degrading all of the major protein constituents of the extracellular matrix. The interstitial collagenases that are the focus of this review dissolve collagen fibrils by making a single scission across all three a. chains at a specific, sensitive locus of exposed type I, II... 

The focus of this review is to discuss the different fuel-cell models with the overall goal of presenting a picture of the various types of transport in fuel cells. Although the majority of the literature fuel-cell models have been examine, there are rmdoubtedly some that were left out. In terms of time frame, this review focuses mainly on models that have been published through the end of 2003. 

As stated previously, the focus of this review is the truly on-line application of NMR in an industrial manufacturing facility. There are many papers in the literature describing chemometric applications of laboratory NMR data to produce chemometric relationships between NMR data and physical/chemical properties These applications will not be discussed in detail here but are noteworthy as the approaches described can... 

This article presents the principles known so far for the synthesis of metal complexes containing stable carbenes, including the preparation of the relevant carbene precursors. The use of some of these compounds in transition-metal-catalyzed reactions is discussed mainly for ruthenium-catalyzed olefin metathesis and palladium-Znickel-catalyzed coupling reactions of aryl halides, but other reactions will be touched upon as well. Chapters about the properties of metal- carbene complexes, their applications in materials science and medicinal chemistry, and their role in bioinorganic chemistry round the survey off. The focus of this review is on ZV-heterocyclic carbenes, in the following abbreviated as NHC and NHCs, respectively. 

The focus of this review is to discuss the role of Cinchona alkaloids as Brpnsted bases in organocatalytic asymmetric reactions. Cinchona alkaloids are Lewis basic when the quinuclidine nitrogen initiates a nucleophilic attack to the substrate in asymmetric reactions such as the Baylis-Hillman (Fig. 3), P-lactone synthesis, asymmetric a-halogenation, alkylations, carbocyanation of ketones, and Diels-Alder reactions 30-39] (Fig. 4). 

In this review, we present asymmetric reactions catalyzed by stronger Brpnsted acids. The scope and limitations of chiral phosphoric acids, iV-triflyl phosphoramides, and dicarboxylic acids are described considering articles published until the middle of 2008. Although the mechanisms of a few transformations have been investigated in some detail, they are not the focus of this review. 

This review will focus on the NMR properties of Zintl ion complexes, namely the solution properties of the ions where E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, and the products derived from those clusters. Closely related clusters prepared by other means, such as the recent, elegant organo polystannane work of Schnepf, Power, Huttner, and Fischer, are briefly mentioned but are not the focus of this review. Related overviews of dynamic organometallic complexes [1,2] and the stmcture and bonding of Zintl ions [3-5] can be found in previous reviews and in other chapters of this book. 

In case of stem and progenitor cells, which are the focus of this review, many strategies for cultivation and expansion have been developed, as shown in Fig. 3. 

For obvious reasons of structural analogy to heparinoids the focus of this review is on sulfated carbohydrate derivatives. While it is not in all cases clear that these compounds really mimic the physiological activity of heparinoids, it is even less so for non-carbohydrate sulfates or sulfonates. Examples of the latter class include suramin and the simple 1,3-propanediol disulfate. Suramin is a sulfonat-ed bis-naphthalene derivative used as a drug to treat African trypanosomiasis and onchocerciasis (a filarial infection) it was also tested in a number of other indications including adrenocortical carcinomas and AIDS. A wider use is, however, restricted by various toxic effects [66]. 1,3-Propanediol disulfate reduced inflammation-associated amyloid progression in vivo after oral administration which may be relevant to the treatment of Alzheimer s disease [67]. 

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