Parenteral immunization

Wigdorovitz, A., Carrillo, C., Dus Santos, M.J., Trono, K., Peralta, A., Gomez, M.C., Rios, R.D., Franzone, P.M., Sadir, A.M., Escribano, J.M., and Borca, M.V. (1999) Induction of a protective antibody response to foot and mouth disease virus in mice following oral or parenteral immunization with alfalfa transgenic plants expressing the structural protein VPl. Virology 255 347-353. 

Jemski, J. (1961a). Aerosol challenge of guinea pigs, parenterally immunized with botulinum toxoid, with type D botulinum toxin disseminated by the Hartman fixture at 75°F and 50... 

Vaccination against viruses, such as influenza and measles, commonly involves parenteral (subcutaneous or intramuscular) administration of a live, attenuated virus or a killed virus. The inhalation route is being examined as a means of immunizing patients because it circumvents logistical problems associated with parenteral administration, such as needle sterility issues, patient aversion to needles, and the need for administration by a health care professional. In very young children, maternally derived IgG antibodies may prevent successful immunization [118]. The inhalation route may allow vaccination of these children because the immunological response of the airways is less likely to be influenced by maternal antibodies [118], Aerosol immunization has been shown to be effective against measles [119] and, in some respects, is more efficacious than parenteral immunization [120],... 

Wigdorovitz A, Carrillo C, Dus Santos M), et al. Induction of a protective antibody response to foot and mouth disease vims in mice following oral or parenteral immunization with alfalfa transgenic plants expressing the viral stmctural protein VPl Virology,... 

Intranasal but not parenteral immunization, induced Baudner et al. bactericidal antibodies at the nasal level, when (2003, 2004,... 

After three infusions of multiple-emulsions formulations, the animals produced both intestinal secratory IgA and circulating IgG antibody responses. The IgG titers persisted for one year and were boosted by a further oral immunization. Oral immunization using multiple emulsions also uniformly primed the animals for an increased response following parenteral immunization. 

BEHERA T, NANDA PK, MOHANTY C, MOHAPATRA D, SWAIN P, DAS BK, ROUTRAY P, MISHRA BK, SAHOO SK. Parenteral immunization of fish, Labeo rohita with poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) encapsulated antigen microparticles promotes innate and adaptive immune responses. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2010,28,320-325. 

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