Innate immunity response

Immune Defense. Figure 1 Innate immune responses after challenge of skin or mucosa Acute inflammation and priming of adaptive immunity. 

The innate immune response is initiated once the host detects the presence of foreign pathogens. This recognition step is performed by specialized cells of... 

There is only one known type II IFN, IFN-y, discovered in 1965 (Wheelock and Sibley 1965). IFN-y is exclusively produced by immune cells, such as activated thymus-derived T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, after stimulation by foreign antigens or mitogens in the early stages of the innate immune response (Boehm etal. 1997). The human IFN-y gene maps to chromosome 12. IFN-y is a noncovalent... 

Following tissue injury, the innate immune response is the first line of defense against possible pathogen infections. Through evolutionary pressures, the body automatically assumes infection which will be present post injury. Innate immunity... 

Although controversial, findings as to how chronically administered morphine modulates neutrophil chemotaxis and function, a growing consensus believes that morphine is suppressive in the recruitment and functional aspects of these cells during an innate immune response. When peripheral human blood neutrophils were pretreated with exogenous opioids, lL-8-induced chemotaxis was inhibited (Grimm et al. 1998). Conversely, Simpkins et al. reported an increase in neutrophil chemotaxis... 

Innate immune response to viral infections is predominately through interferon-alpha, -beta (IFN-a and -P) induction and activation of natural killer (NK) cells. Although viral replication can induce IFN-a and -P expression, macrophages are capable of producing and secreting cytokines which also induce the production of these type I interferons (Falk 2001). Bound IFNa and p to its receptors on NK cells increases its ability to lyse virally-infected cells. 

Wang J, Barke RA, Charboneau R, Roy S (2005) Morphine impairs host innate immune response and increases susceptibility to streptococcus pneumoniae lung infection. J Immunol 174(l) 426-434... 

Imiquimod is an immune response modifier that has the ability to activate acquired and innate immune response. It is a topical agent that has been shown to be effective for SCC in case reports. It has been studied more extensively in superficial and nodular BCC, with response rates of 70% to 88%.72 The most common side effects are erythema, itching, pain, and crusting... 

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in humans, comprising about two thirds of peripheral blood leukocytes. Upon tissue injury, they rapidly infiltrate injury sites and play an important role in innate immune responses. In addition, they also contribute to the development of adaptive immune responses by producing an array of cytokines and chemokines. Tissue infiltration of neutrophils is initiated by signals generated by the interaction between chemoattractants produced at sites of injury and their corresponding cell surface receptors. Classical chemoattractants, such as C5a, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-... 

Microbial virulence is often the outcome of the complex interactions that take place as the pathogen establishes itself in the human host. The molecular determinants of pathogenicity include factors that cause damage to the host cell and those that help the microbe establish productive infection for survival [35]. The human host immune response counters the presence of these microbes with its acquired or innate immune response arsenal with outcomes that range from acute to chronic or latent infections. A clear definition of the host and microbial... 

In addition to suppressive effects on conventional B cells, constitutive activation of the AhR causes the loss of peritoneal B-l cells.65 B-l cells, also called CD5+B cells, represent a small subset of B lymphocytes that plays an important role in innate immune responses to viral and bacterial infections. Consequently, the observation that constitutive AhR activation results in depletion of this specialized lineage suggests that TCDD may affect innate immunity to pathogens via as yet uncharacterized affects on B-l cells. 

Innate Immune Responses and Soluble Mediators of Immunity.281... 

Ernst, M. et al. Constitutive activation of the SRC family kinase Hck results in spontaneous pulmonary inflammation and an enhanced innate immune response. J. Exp. Med. 196, 589, 2002. 

Wang, X., et al., Toll-like receptor 4 mediates innate immune responses to Haemophilus influenzae infection in mouse lung, J. Immunol. 168, 2, 810, 2002. 

Aderem, A. and Ulevitch, R. J., Toll-like receptors in the induction of the innate immune response, Nature, 406, 782, 2000. 

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