Fatty lubricant

Conversely, when the technique of chrome tanning was being developed in the late nineteenth century, it was found that the leather produced would dry out as a hard, stiff, inflexible material. It was only by the addition of fatty lubricating products in the form of an emulsion, in what became known as the fat liquoring process, and by mechanically working the skin that a useable product could be made. In a similar way, the production of alum-tawed skins involved the use of such fatty materials as egg yolk or olive oil and mechanical softening procedures. 

The base lubricant is usually a petroleum oil while the thickener usually consists of a soap or soap mixture. In addition they may contain small amounts of free alkali, free fatty acid, glycerine, anti-oxidant, extreme-pressure agent, graphite or molybdenum disulphide. 

Colourless liquid. B.p. 286 C/100 mm., insoluble in water. Oleic acid occurs naturally in larger quantities than any other fatty acid, being present as glycerides in most fats and oils. It forms one third of the total fatty acids of cow s milk. A crude grade from inedible tallow is used in the production of lubricants, detergents, resins and other products. 

Additives for lubrication under extreme conditions fatty esters, fatty acids, etc. 

Calcium complex soap greases, obtained by the reaction of lime and a mixture of fatty acids and acetic acid. These greases offer good high temperature and anti-wear/extreme pressure properties related to the presence, in the soap, of calcium acetate that acts as solid lubricant they have good mechanical stability. 

Smoke, Flash, and Fire Points. These thermal properties may be determined under standard test conditions (57). The smoke poiat is defined as the temperature at which smoke begias to evolve continuously from the sample. Flash poiat is the temperature at which a flash is observed whea a test flame is appHed. The fire poiat is defiaed as the temperature at which the fire coatiaues to bum. These values are profouadly affected by minor coastitueats ia the oil, such as fatty acids, moao- and diglycerides, and residual solvents. These factors are of commercial importance where fats or oils are used at high temperatures such as ia lubricants or edible frying fats. 

Typically, soHd stabilizers utilize natural saturated fatty acid ligands with chain lengths of Cg—C g. Ziac stearate [557-05-1/, ziac neodecanoate [27253-29-8] calcium stearate [1592-23-0] barium stearate [6865-35-6] and cadmium laurate [2605-44-9] are some examples. To complete the package, the soHd products also contain other soHd additives such as polyols, antioxidants, and lubricants. Liquid stabilizers can make use of metal soaps of oleic acid, tall oil acids, 2-ethyl-hexanoic acid, octylphenol, and nonylphenol. Barium bis(nonylphenate) [41157-58-8] ziac 2-ethyIhexanoate [136-53-8], cadmium 2-ethyIhexanoate [2420-98-6], and overbased barium tallate [68855-79-8] are normally used ia the Hquid formulations along with solubilizers such as plasticizers, phosphites, and/or epoxidized oils. The majority of the Hquid barium—cadmium formulations rely on barium nonylphenate as the source of that metal. There are even some mixed metal stabilizers suppHed as pastes. The U.S. FDA approved calcium—zinc stabilizers are good examples because they contain a mixture of calcium stearate and ziac stearate suspended ia epoxidized soya oil. Table 4 shows examples of typical mixed metal stabilizers. 

In the other market areas, lead naphthenates are used on a limited basis in extreme pressure additives for lubricating oils and greases. Sodium and potassium naphthenates are used in emulsiftable oils, where they have the advantage over fatty acid soaps of having improved disinfectant properties. Catalyst uses include cobalt naphthenate as a cross-linking catalyst in adhesives (52) and manganese naphthenate as an oxidation catalyst (35). Metal naphthenates are also being used in the hydroconversion of heavy petroleum fractions (53,54) and bitumens (55). 

Hiadered esters are also produced from and Cg a-olefias. These olefias are coaverted iato C —C fatty acids by the oxo process the acids are thea treated with polyols such as peataerythritol and trimethylol propane to produce hindered esters, which find use ia lubricants for jet engines and other high performance appHcations. 

To overcome these difficulties, drilling fluids are treated with a variety of mud lubricants available from various suppHers. They are mostly general-purpose, low toxicity, nonfluorescent types that are blends of several anionic or nonionic surfactants and products such as glycols and glycerols, fatty acid esters, synthetic hydrocarbons, and vegetable oil derivatives. Extreme pressure lubricants containing sulfurized or sulfonated derivatives of natural fatty acid products or petroleum-base hydrocarbons can be quite toxic to marine life and are rarely used for environmental reasons. Diesel and mineral oils were once used as lubricants at levels of 3 to 10 vol % but this practice has been curtailed significantly for environmental reasons. 

Petroleum and Goal. The alkanolarnines have found wide use in the petroleum industry. The ethanolamines are used as lubricants and stabilizers in drilling muds. Reaction products of the ethan olamines and fatty acids are used as emulsion stabilizers, chemical washes, and bore cleaners (168). Oil recovery has been enhanced through the use of ethan olamine petroleum sulfonates (169—174). OH—water emulsions pumped from wells have been demulsifted through the addition of triethanolarnine derivatives. Alkanolarnines have been used in recovering coal in aqueous slurries and as coal—oil mix stabilizers (175—177). 

Amine salts, especially acetate salts prepared by neutralization of a fatty amine with acetic acid, are useflil as flotation agents (collectors), corrosion inhibitors, and lubricants (3,8). Amine acetates are commercially available from a number of suppHers Akzo Chemicals Inc. (Armac) (73) Henkel Corporation (formerly General Mills) (Alamac) (74) Jetco Chemicals Inc. (The Procter Gamble Company) (fet Amine) (75) Sherex (Adogen) (76) and Tom ah Products (Exxon Chemical Company) (Tomah) (77). 

Eatty acid ethoxylates are used extensively in the textile industry as emulsifiers for processing oils, antistatic agents (qv), softeners, and fiber lubricants, and as detergents in scouring operations. They also find appHcation as emulsifiers in cosmetic preparations and pesticide formulations. Eatty acid ethoxylates are manufactured either by alkaH-catalyzed reaction of fatty acids with ethylene oxide or by acid-catalyzed esterification of fatty acids with preformed poly(ethylene glycol). Deodorization steps are commonly incorporated into the manufacturing process. 

Typical commercial ethoxylated sorbitan fatty acid esters are yellow Hquids, except tristearates and the 4- and 5-mol ethylene oxide adducts which are light tan soHds. These adducts, as well as the 20-mol adducts of the triesters, are insoluble but dispersible in water. The monoester 20-mol adducts are water soluble. Ethoxylated sorbitan esters are widely used as emulsifiers, antistatic agents, softeners, fiber lubricants, and solubilizers. In combination with the unethoxylated sorbitan esters or with mono- or diglycetides, these are often used as co-emulsrfiers. The ethoxylated sorbitan esters are produced by beating sorbitan esters with ethylene oxide at 130—170°C in the presence of alkaline catalysts. 

Considering their heat sensitivity, the separation of fatty acids and rosin with minimal degradation by fractional distillation under vacuum and/or in the presence of steam is surprisingly good (3). Tad od rosin (TOR) contains about 2% fatty acid and smad amounts of neutrals. Tad od fatty acid (TOFA) contains as Htde as 1.2% rosin and 1.7% neutrals. In typical U.S. TOFA, 49% of the fatty acids is oleic, 45% linoleic, and 3% palmitic, stearic, and eicosatrienoic acid. TOR and TOFA are upgraded to resins and chemicals for the manufacture of inks (qv), adhesives (qv), coatings (qv), and lubricants (see Lubrication AND lubricants). 

Patterns of ordered molecular islands surrounded by disordered molecules are common in Langmuir layers, where even in zero surface pressure molecules self-organize at the air—water interface. The difference between the two systems is that in SAMs of trichlorosilanes the island is comprised of polymerized surfactants, and therefore the mobihty of individual molecules is restricted. This lack of mobihty is probably the principal reason why SAMs of alkyltrichlorosilanes are less ordered than, for example, fatty acids on AgO, or thiols on gold. The coupling of polymerization and surface anchoring is a primary source of the reproducibihty problems. Small differences in water content and in surface Si—OH group concentration may result in a significant difference in monolayer quahty. Alkyl silanes remain, however, ideal materials for surface modification and functionalization apphcations, eg, as adhesion promoters (166—168) and boundary lubricants (169—171). 

Substituted Amide Waxes. The product of fatty acid amidation has unique waxlike properties (13). Probably the most widely produced material is N,1S7-distearylethylenediarnine [110-30-5] which has a melting point of ca 140°C, an acid number of ca 7, and a low melt viscosity. Because of its unusuaHy high melting point and unique functionaHty, it is used in additive quantities to raise the apparent melting point of themoplastic resins and asphalts, as an internal—external lubricant in the compounding of a variety of thermoplastic resins, and as a processing aid for elastomers. 

Jojoba is a desert crop that gives a small bean containing about 50% of a wax, a fatty acid ester with a fatty alcohol. The only other large source of such a wax is sperm whale oil, traditionally used in fine lubricants (see Lubrication and lubricants). Because the sperm whale is an endangered species, relatively Httle sperm whale oil is available and there is a large market for a substitute. Jojoba oil has been found to be usable for most of these appHcations. The jojoba oil is obtained by simply pressing the nut followed by conventional refining. Some jojoba oil is used in cosmetics (qv). 

Additives for lubricating oils providing a combination of viscosity index improvement (VII) and dispersancy have also been reported. These additives are prepared from ethyleneamines by reaction with various Vll-type polymers that have been chlorinated or modified in some other way to provide an ethyleneamine reaction site. Antimst additives for lubricating oils have been prepared by reaction of polyamines with fatty acids followed by reaction with polyalkylenesuccinic anhydrides (178,179). 

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