Calcium acetate

Calcium complex soap greases, obtained by the reaction of lime and a mixture of fatty acids and acetic acid. These greases offer good high temperature and anti-wear/extreme pressure properties related to the presence, in the soap, of calcium acetate that acts as solid lubricant they have good mechanical stability. 

Certain salts of divalent metals (e.g., lead and copper formate, calcium acetate) are exceptional in giving bright green fluorescences. In each case confirmatory tests must always be employed. 

A more constrained opportunity for nitrate bioremediation arose at the US-DoE Weldon Spring Site near St. Louis, Missouri. This site had been a uranium and thorium processing faciUty, and treatment of the metal had involved nitric acid. The wastestream, known as raffinate, was discharged to surface inpoundments and neutralized with lime to precipitate the metals. Two pits had nitrate levels that requited treatment before discharge, but heavy rains in 1993 threatened to cause the pits to overflow. Bioremediation by the addition of calcium acetate as a carbon source successfully treated more than 19 million liters of water at a reasonable cost (75). 

Until World War 1 acetone was manufactured commercially by the dry distillation of calcium acetate from lime and pyroligneous acid (wood distillate) (9). During the war processes for acetic acid from acetylene and by fermentation supplanted the pyroligneous acid (10). In turn these methods were displaced by the process developed for the bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates (cornstarch and molasses) to acetone and alcohols (11). At one time Pubhcker Industries, Commercial Solvents, and National Distillers had combined biofermentation capacity of 22,700 metric tons of acetone per year. Biofermentation became noncompetitive around 1960 because of the economics of scale of the isopropyl alcohol dehydrogenation and cumene hydroperoxide processes. 

The quality and yield of carbon black depends on the quaUty of the feedstock, reactor design, and input variables. The stmcture is controlled by the addition of alkaU metals to the reaction or mixing 2ones. Usual practice is to use aqueous solutions of alkaU metal salts such as potassium chloride or potassium hydroxide sprayed into the combustion chamber or added to the make oil in the oil injector. Alkaline-earth compounds such as calcium acetate that increase the specific surface area are introduced in a similar manner. 

Commercial acetic acid is manufactured fiom pyroligneous acid obtained in the destructive distillation of wood. The latter is neutralised with lime, and separated by distillation from wood-spirit and acetone. The crude calcium acetate, which has a dark colour, is then distilled with the requisite quantity of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Anhydrous or glacial acetic acid is obtained by distilling fused sodium acetate with concentrated sulphuric acid. 

Holz-kalk, m. pyrolignite of lime (crude calcium acetate), -kaiton, m. wood-pulp board, -kassle, /. cassia lignea, coarse cassia bark, -kasten, m. wooden box, case or vat. -kirsche. /. wild cherry. -kistchen, n. wooden box. -kitt, m. wood cement, joiner s putty, -klotz, m. wooden block, wood block, -kocher, m. (Paper) digester (for wood), -kokle,/. charcoal (from wood). 

Weiss-gUldenerz, -giiltigerz, n. argentiferous tetrahedrite, -guss, m. white metal white malleable cast iron, -hitze, /, white heat, -kalk, m. pyrolignite of lime (crude calcium acetate) fat lime, white lime, -keraguss, m. white-heart malletxble iron. 

Assay of aequorin. The assay of aequorin is simple. To a vial containing a small amount of aequorin sample (1-100 xl), 1 ml of 10 mM calcium acetate solution is injected, measuring the total amount of light emitted. The amount of the total light is proportional to the amount of aequorin in the sample. 

Fig. 4.1.4 Influence of pH on the total light emission and initial light intensity of aequorin. Buffer solutions containing 0.1 mM calcium acetate, 0.1 M NaCl, and 10 mM sodium acetate (for pH < 7) or 10 mM Tris-HCl (for pH > 7) were adjusted to various pH with acetic acid or NaOH, and then 2 ml of the solution was added to 3 pi of aequorin solution containing 1 mM EDTA to elicit luminescence, at 22°C. The data shown are a revision of Fig. 9 in Shimomura et al., 1962. The half-total time is the time required to emit 50% of total light.

Fig. 4.1.5 The time course of aequorin luminescence measured with various concentrations of Ca2+. Calcium acetate solution (5 ml) was added to 10 pi of aequorin solution to give the final Ca2+ concentrations of 10 2 M (A), 10-4 M (B), 10-5 M (C), 10 6 M (D), and 10 7 M (E) at 25°C. The dashed line (F) represents the light emitted following the addition of deionized distilled water that had been redistilled in quartz. The concentration of EDTA derived from the aequorin sample was 10 7 M (final cone.). From Shimomura et al., 1963b, with permission from John Wiley Sons Ltd.

Fig. 4.1.7 Relationship between the concentration of Ca2+ and the initial maximum intensity of luminescence when 2.5 ml of 2mM sodium acetate (ultrapure grade) containing the indicated amount of calcium acetate was added to 5pJ of aequorin stock solution, at 25°C. The aequorin stock solution contained 0.7mg of aequorin in 1 ml of 2 mM sodium acetate containing 10-5 M EDTA. When no Ca2+ was added the maximum intensity was 1.1 x 109 quanta/s. From Shimomura and Johnson, 1976.

Fig. 4.1.8 Influence of various calcium chelators on the relationship between Ca2 " concentration and the luminescence intensity of aequorin, at 23-25°C (panel A) in low-ionic strength buffers (I < 0.005) and (panel B) with 150 mM KC1 added. Buffer solutions (3 ml) of various Ca2+ concentrations, pH 7.05, made with or without a calcium buffer was added to 2 pi of 10 pM aequorin solution containing 10 pM EDTA. The calcium buffer was composed of the free form of a chelator (1 or 2mM) and various concentrations of the Ca2+-chelator (1 1) complex to set the Ca2+ concentrations (the concentration of free chelator was constant at all Ca2+ concentrations). The curves shown are obtained with 1 mM MOPS (A), 1 mM gly-cylglycine ( + ), 1 mM citrate (o), 1 mM EDTA plus 2mM MOPS ( ), 1 mM EGTA plus 2 mM MOPS ( ), 2 mM NTA plus 2 mM MOPS (V), and 2 mM ADA plus 2 mM MOPS (A). In the chelator-free buffers, MOPS and glycylglycine, Ca2+ concentrations were set by the concentration of calcium acetate. Reproduced with permission, from Shimomura and Shimomura, 1984. the Biochemical Society.

To prepare apoaequorin from aequorin, lOmM calcium acetate is added dropwise to a solution of aequorin (l-2mg/ml) containing less than 2-3 mM EDTA until its ability to luminesce is completely... 

Coelenterazine and the corresponding luciferase can be easily tested in the field. A small piece of tissue sample is put in a test tube with methanol (for coelenterazine) or water (for luciferase), and crushed with a spatula. To measure coelenterazine, a buffer solution containing a coelenterazine luciferase is injected into a small amount of the fluid part of the crushed sample mixture. Similarly, luciferase can be measured with a buffer solution containing coelenterazine. The presence of Cypridina luciferin can be tested in the same fashion, with the methanol extract of samples and crude Cypridina luciferase. However, the detection of a very weak Cypridina luciferase activity in the field is not recommended (see Section C5.6). To test the presence of a Ca2+-sensitive photoprotein, crush a sample in a neutral buffer solution containing 20-50 mM EDTA, and then add lOmM calcium acetate to a small portion of the fluid part of the crushed sample to detect any light emission. 

Practical application also requires knowledge of the weight-to-weight ratio because the amount of phosphonate needed for a special task is of economic interest. A commonly used method is the Hampshire test [307]. One to two grams of the product is solved in 100 ml of distilled water and then 10 ml of a sodium carbonate solution (2%) is added. This solution is titrated by 0.25 M solution of calcium acetate at pH 12 until permanent turbidity occurs [308], The best means for testing of commercial sequestrants is often to choose conditions of practical relevance because in practical applications a great many parameters have to be taken into account [309]. 

Calcium acetate Phos-Lo 667 167 0.5-1 g First-line agent comparable efficacy... 

Pharmacologic therapy with sodium bicarbonate or citrate/citric acid preparations maybe needed in patients with stage 3 CKD or higher to replenish body stores of bicarbonate. Calcium carbonate and calcium acetate, used to bind phosphorus in sHPT, also aid in increasing serum bicarbonate levels, in conjunction with other agents. 

Hyperphosphatemia is generally benign and rarely needs aggressive therapy. Dietary restriction of phosphate and protein is effective for most minor elevations. Phosphate binders such as aluminum-based antacids, calcium carbonate, calcium acetate (PhosLo , Nabi), sevelamer (Renagel , Genzyme), and lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol , Shire) may be necessary for some patients.43 If patients exhibit findings of hypocalcemia (tetany), IV calcium should be administered empirically. 

Poirier LA, Theiss JC, Arnold LJ, et al. 1984. Inhibition by magnesium and calcium acetates of lead subacetate and nickel acetate-induced lung tumors in strain A mice. Cancer Res 44 1520-1522. 

Recall for dilution, Mx Vx = M2V2. In this instance, the acetic acid solution and the calcium acetate solution are diluting each other. 

Calcium acetate (25°/o PhosLo 667 Increase or decrease by 667 0.5-1 g (elemental calcium) three First-line agent comparable efficacy to calcium carbonate with... 

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