Extreme Pressure Lubrication

To overcome these difficulties, drilling fluids are treated with a variety of mud lubricants available from various suppHers. They are mostly general-purpose, low toxicity, nonfluorescent types that are blends of several anionic or nonionic surfactants and products such as glycols and glycerols, fatty acid esters, synthetic hydrocarbons, and vegetable oil derivatives. Extreme pressure lubricants containing sulfurized or sulfonated derivatives of natural fatty acid products or petroleum-base hydrocarbons can be quite toxic to marine life and are rarely used for environmental reasons. Diesel and mineral oils were once used as lubricants at levels of 3 to 10 vol % but this practice has been curtailed significantly for environmental reasons. 

Sulfurized olefins (S2CI2 plus isobutene) are further reacted with S and Na2S to give products useful as extreme pressure lubricant additives (144,145). The reaction of unsaturated natural oils with sulfur monochloride gives resinous products known as Factice, which are useful as art-gum erasers and mbber additives (146,147). The addition reaction of sulfur monochloride with unsaturated polymers, eg, natural mbber, produces cross-links and thus serves as a means for vulcanizing mbber at moderate temperatures. The photochemical cross-linking of polyethylene has also been reported (148). 

Hexachloroethane, like carbon tetrachloride and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, can be used to formulate extreme pressure lubricants (149,150). For example, lubricating oils containing 0.02—3.0 wt % (as halogen) of hexachloroethane reduce the abrasion of exhaust valve seats in internal combustion engines (151)... 

Used industrially as a textile finishing agent, antioxidant, paint solvent, additive for adhesives, additive for extreme pressure lubricant chemical intermediate for organic phosphorus compounds. 

Another group of chlorinated hydrocarbons comprises those made from paraffin wax. Major applications are in extreme pressure lubricants and as extenders and plasticizers in surface coatings and in vinyl plastics. The chlorinated waxes were also widely applied in flameproofing cotton fabrics, which led to large consumption by the military. It is believed that current military requirements for flame-resistant fabrics will be met by vinyl sheeting of vinyl-coated textile products, so that the World War II demand for the halogenated waxes will not be repeated. 

Industrial uses for H-S include 111 die preparation of sullides. such as sodium sullide and sodium hydrosullide 12) the production of sulfur-bearing organic compounds, such as lliioplienes. mercaptans. and organic sullides (3) the removal of Cu. Cd. and Ti from spent catalysis where the gas acts as a precipitant (4) Ihe lormulation of extreme-pressure lubricants and (51 die preparation of rare-eardl phosphors used ill color TV lubes. See also Coal. 

Special cases of solid lubrication arc boundary anil IIP (extreme pressure) lubrication In both cases ihe solid lubricant is formed by chemical reaction of special compounds, usually applied as oil solutions, with the metallic rubbing surfaces Typical boundary lubricants are the fatty acids which react with the metal surface to form metallic soaps which then carry the load. Strongly adsorbed hut nonreacting substances of linear structure, such as long chain tally alcohols, can also act as boundary lubricants but only under very mild conditions... 

Uses Chlorodiphenyls are used in combination with chlorinated naphthalenes, which are stable, thermoplastic, nonflammable, and are used in electric cables and wires in the production of electric condensers, additives for extreme pressure lubricants, and as a coating in foundry. Chlorodiphenyls are widely used in the manufacture of herbicides, lacquers, paper, plasticizers, resins, rubbers, textiles, wood preservatives, and electric equipments. 

Lubrication of sliding under extreme pressure. Lubrication of metal stamping, pressing, drawing, etc. 

Greases and soaps, transmission, chassis, extreme pressure lubricants... 

TCP is used as a plasticizer in vinyl plastics, as a flame-retardant, and as an additive to extreme pressure lubricants. The main market for PVC-based products plasticized with organic phosphate esters is in the manufacture of automobile and other motor vehicle interiors in the USA. 

TM for a soluble oil metalworking fluid with extreme-pressure lubrication additive for multimetal, multi-operation applications. 

Use Plasticizer, extreme-pressure lubricant, hydraulic fluids, gasoline additive, food packaging. 

Use Antioxidant and antisludging agent for petroleum oils, extreme-pressure lubricating oils and greases, silicone oils. 

Use Synthesis of organophosphorus compounds for extreme-pressure lubricants, adhesives, textile finishing agents, pesticides catalyst in polymerization of unsaturated compounds. 

Use Extreme-pressure lubricants, but are not suited for high speeds. 

Use Additive for greases and extreme-pressure lubricants, stabilizer for fuel oils and polyamides, gasoline additive. 

Use Plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, nitrocellulose fire-retardant for plastics air-filter medium solvent mixtures waterproofing additive to extreme pressure lubricants hydraulic fluid heat-exchange medium. 

Davey, W., J. Inst, Petroleum, 31, 73-88 (1945). The Extreme Pressure Lubricating Proper-... 

The long-chain structure by itself, as exemplified by n-aliphatic hydrocarbons, shows no extreme-pressure lubricant functionality. Evidently the additive action is connected with the carboxylate ester and the sulfide structures. To demonstrate this, Dorinson isolated an ester/ sulfide component from sulfurized methyl undecylenate, identified its structure, synthesized an organosulfide-ester with this structure, and showed that the lubricant additive activity was the same for the fraction separated from sulfurized methyl undecylenate end for the synthetic material. The data, summarized ib Fig. 11-15, were obtained tiy pin-and-disk wear tests with hardened steel rubbing specimens and show the effect of contact pressure on the depth-rate of wear. The significant feature is the change from a low rate of wear, relatively insensitive to increase of pressure in the range 0.276-1.724 GPa (40,000-250,000 Ib/in ), to pressure-sensitive increase of wear rate at 1.724 GPa and higher. 

Booster Kut [Castrol Industrial East] Extreme pressure lubricant bases. 

---