Synthetic hydrocarbons

Catalytic Oxidation for Straight-Chain Paraffinic Hydrocarbons. Synthetic fatty acids (SFA) are produced by Eastern European countries, Russia, and China using a manganese-catalyzed oxidation of selected paraffinic streams. The technology is based on German developments that were in use during World War II. The production volume in 1984 was estimated to be about 5.5 x ICf t/yr. The oxidation is highly exothermic and is carried out at about 105—125°C, mostly in continuous equipment. 

Henderson and Sutherland have prepared a hydrocarbon synthetically which is possibly a modification of terpinene. They reduced thymo-hydroquinone, thus obtaining menthane-2-5-diol, which was heated for half an hour with twice its weight of sulphate of potash under a reflux condenser, and so yielded a terpene boiling at 179°, of specific gravity about 0 840 and refractive index 1-4779. 

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons Synthetic 10"5-10"7 mol L"1 (anthracene, rubrene, pyrene)... 

Martin M, Castle W. 1984. Petrowatch Petroleum hydrocarbons, synthetic organic compounds and heavy metals in mussels from the Monterey Bay area of central California. Marine Pollution Bulletin 15 259-266. 

Synthetic organic fibers Organic intermediates Organic chemicals chlorinated/fluorinated hydrocarbons Synthetic rubber... 

As described in Chapter 1, mineral oil base stocks are derived from crude oil and are complex mixtures of naturally occurring hydrocarbons. Synthetic ester lubricants, on the other hand, are prepared from man-made base stocks having uniform molecular structures giving well-defined properties which can be tailored to specific applications. 

Poly-alpha-olefins and similar hydrocarbons Synthetic fluids with no specific fire-resistant properties Fire-resistant oil-in-water emulsions containing maximum 20% mass of combustible materials... 

Chlorine is used as a disinfectant for purifying water in the manufacture of bleaching powder, chlorinated hydrocarbons, synthetic rubber, and plastics and as a chlorinating and oxidizing agent. It was used as a poison gas in war under the name Bertholite. 

Liquid, solid, and gaseous materials have been used as PCB replacements. Some of these materials are suitable for retrofilling existing equipment, while others are manufactured solely for use in new equipment. Solid replacements are used in dry-type transformers, and include epoxy and PVC, while gaseous replacements include chlorofluorocarbons (freons) and sulfur hexafluoride. Liquid PCB replacements, which will constitute the subject of this chapter, are quite diverse, encompassing silicones, high-temperature hydrocarbons, synthetic esters, alkylated aromatics, chlorinated benzenes, and others. A brief summary of liquid replacement fluids is given in Table 1. 

Many researchers reported beneficial effect of plant-microbial consortia on recovery of environmental media polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, synthetic surfactants, petroleum, chloroorganic, nitroaro-matic, phosphoroaromatic compounds, other xenobiotics [1]. 

Paraffinic and napthenic mineral oils, cutting oils, kerosene, similar petroleum fractions, including food-grade mineral oils and halogenated hydrocarbons. Synthetic oils also claimed aliphatic diesters, silicate esters, and polyalkylene glycol or their derivatives (detailed description of viscosity, etc., of oils specified) Halocarbon or hydrocarbon fluid... 

Wu, Y.-T., Siegel, J. S. (2006). Aromatic molecular-bowl hydrocarbons Synthetic derivatives, their structures, and physical properties. Chemical Reviews, 106, 4843-4867. and references therein. 

It is not applicable to pure hydrocarbons, synthetic fuels, such as certain products derived from shale oils and tar sands, alkylates, or coal-tar products. 

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