Petroleum fractions, heavy

The liquid dynamic viscosities at 100°F and 210°F are used to characterize petroleum fractions, notably the heavy fractions. 

Naphthenic acids occur ia a wide boiling range of cmde oil fractions, with acid content increa sing with boiling point to a maximum ia the gas oil fraction (ca 325°C). Jet fuel, kerosene, and diesel fractions are the source of most commercial naphthenic acid. The acid number of the naphthenic acids decreases as heavier petroleum fractions are isolated, ranging from 255 mg KOH/g for acids recovered from kerosene and 170 from diesel, to 108 from heavy fuel oil (19). The amount of unsaturation as indicated by iodine number also increases in the high molecular weight acids recovered from heavier distillation cuts. 

In the other market areas, lead naphthenates are used on a limited basis in extreme pressure additives for lubricating oils and greases. Sodium and potassium naphthenates are used in emulsiftable oils, where they have the advantage over fatty acid soaps of having improved disinfectant properties. Catalyst uses include cobalt naphthenate as a cross-linking catalyst in adhesives (52) and manganese naphthenate as an oxidation catalyst (35). Metal naphthenates are also being used in the hydroconversion of heavy petroleum fractions (53,54) and bitumens (55). 

K. H. Algelt and M. M. Bodus2ynski, Composition and Analyses of Heavy Petroleum Fractions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1994. 

Thermal Cracking. Heavy petroleum fractions such as resid are thermally cracked in delayed cokers or flexicokers (44,56,57). The main products from the process are petroleum coke and off-gas which contain light olefins and butylenes. This stream also contains a considerable amount of butane. Process conditions for the flexicoker are more severe than for the delayed coker, about 550°C versus 450°C. Both are operated at low pressures, around 300—600 kPa (43—87 psi). Flexicokers produce much more linear butenes, particularly 2-butene, than delayed cokers and about half the amount of isobutylene (Table 7). This is attributed to high severity of operation for the flexicoker (43). 

Deep C t lytic Crocking. This process is a variation of fluid catalytic cracking. It uses heavy petroleum fractions, such as heavy vacuum gas oil, to produce propylene- and butylene-rich gaseous products and an aromatic-rich Hquid product. The Hquid product contains predorninantiy ben2ene, toluene, and xylene (see BTX processing). This process is being developed by SINOPEC in China (42,73). SINOPEC is currentiy converting one of its fluid catalytic units into a demonstration unit with a capacity of 60,000 t/yr of vacuum gas oil feedstock. 

Irreversible processes are mainly appHed for the separation of heavy stable isotopes, where the separation factors of the more reversible methods, eg, distillation, absorption, or chemical exchange, are so low that the diffusion separation methods become economically more attractive. Although appHcation of these processes is presented in terms of isotope separation, the results are equally vaUd for the description of separation processes for any ideal mixture of very similar constituents such as close-cut petroleum fractions, members of a homologous series of organic compounds, isomeric chemical compounds, or biological materials. 

ASTM [vacuum, often 10 torr (1.3 kPa)] ASTM D 1160 Heavy petroleum fractions or products that tend to decompose in the ASTM D 86 test but can be partially or completely vaporized at a maximiim liquid temperature of 750°F (400°C) at pressures down to 1 torr (0.13 kPa)... 

Three-phase fluidized bed reactors are used for the treatment of heavy petroleum fractions at 350 to 600°C (662 to 1,112°F) and 200 atm (2,940 psi). A biological treatment process (Dorr-Oliver Hy-Flo) employs a vertical column filled with sand on which bacderial growth takes place while waste liquid and air are charged. A large interfacial area for reaction is provided, about 33 cmVcm (84 inVirr), so that an 85 to 90 percent BOD removal in 15 min is claimed compared with 6 to 8 h in conventional units. 

Liquid Petroleum fractions are light naphtha, heavy naphtha, kerosine and gas oil. The bottom product from distillation units is the residue. These... 

Van Driesen and Stewart (V4) have reported temperature measurements for various locations in commercial gas-liquid fluidized reactors for the large-scale catalytic desulfurization and hydrocracking of heavy petroleum fractions (2500 barrels per day capacity). The hydrogenation was carried out in two stages the maximum and minimum temperatures measured were 774° and 778°F for the first stage and 768° and 770°F for the second. These results indicate that gas-liquid fluidized reactors are characterized by a high effective thermal conductivity. 

A mixture of monolauryl phosphate sodium salt and triethylamine in H20 was treated with glycidol at 80°C for 8 h to give 98% lauryl 2,3-dihydro-xypropyl phosphate sodium salt [304]. Dyeing aids for polyester fibers exist of triethanolamine salts of ethoxylated phenol-styrene adduct phosphate esters [294], Fatty ethanolamide phosphate surfactant are obtained from the reaction of fatty alcohols and fatty ethanolamides with phosphorus pentoxide and neutralization of the product [295]. A double bond in the alkyl group of phosphoric acid esters alter the properties of the molecule. Diethylethanolamine salt of oleyl phosphate is effectively used as a dispersant for antimony oxide in a mixture of xylene-type solvent and water. The composition is useful as an additive for preventing functional deterioration of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts for heavy petroleum fractions. When it was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 month it shows almost no precipitation [241]. 

The production of coke from coal is an important activity in the ferrous metallurgical industries. While coal serves as the principal source for coke, a second source, namely, heavy petroleum fractions, is especially important for countries which have large petroleum resources and lack coal deposits. The properties of metallurgical coke are listed in Table 1.29. 

In the thermal cracking methods, the higher-boiling petroleum fractions like heavy oils are subjected to high temperature and pressure by which the bigger hydrocarbon molecules break down to yield lower-boiling lighter fractions ... 

Composition and Analysis of Heavy Petroleum Fractions, Klaus H. Altgelt and Mieczyslaw M. Boduszynski... 

Kohler, M. Genz, I.-L. Schicht, B., and Eckart, V., Microbial Desulfurization of Petroleum and Heavy Petroleum Fractions. 4. Anaerobic Degradation of Organic Sulfur Compounds. Zentralbl. Mikrobiol., 1984. 139 pp. 239-247. 

Airlift Thermofor Catalytic Cracking Also called Airlift TCC. A continuous catalytic process for converting heavy petroleum fractions to lighter ones. The catalyst granules are moved continuously by a stream of air. Developed by Mobil Oil Corp., United States, and first operated in 1950. See also Thermofor. 

ART [Asphalt Residuum Treating] A process for converting heavy petroleum fractions into more easily processed liquid fractions. Developed by Engelhard Corp. and offered by the MW Kellogg Co. Three units were operating in 1996. 

Burton The first commercial process for thermally cracking heavy petroleum fractions to obtain gasoline. Invented in 1912 by W. M. Burton at Standard Oil (Indiana) and operated commercially from 1913 through the 1920s. See also Dubbs. 

Demex [Demetallization by extraction] A process for removing metal compounds from heavy petroleum fractions, after vacuum distillation, by solvent extraction and supercritical solvent recovery. The solvent is typically a mixture of octanes and pentanes. Developed jointly by UOP and the Institute Mexicano del Petroleo seven units were operating in 1988. Hydrocarbon Process., 1988, 67(9), 66. 

Endewax [National Chemical dewaxing] A process for dewaxing heavy petroleum fractions by treatment with a catalyst which converts the long-chain hydrocarbons to shorter ones. The catalyst is a ZSM-5 -type zeolite in which some of the aluminum has been replaced by iron. Developed by the National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India, and piloted in 1991. 

Petrogas A thermal cracking process for converting heavy petroleum fractions to fuel gas. Developed by Gasco. 

RCD Unibon [Reduced crude desulfurization] Also known as the Black oil conversion process (BOC). A process for removing organic sulfur-, nitrogen-, and metal-compounds from heavy petroleum fractions. Different catalysts are used for different oils. Developed and licensed by UOP. 

The burner is now extinguished, the ammonia shut off, and the pot cover removed by disconnecting at H, H. The crucible is removed from the pot with tongs, and the molten amide is poured into a shallow iron tray, which has been previously heated to remove traces of moisture (Note 8). At this point it is essential to work rapidly to avoid solidification of the amide in the crucible (Note 9). As soon as the product has solidified sufficiently, the tray is transferred to a large desiccator to cool. When cold enough to handle, the tray is inverted on a clean heavy paper the amide is removed by rapping the bottom of the pan and is at once transferred to convenient wide-mouthed bottles and covered with a petroleum fraction (Notes 10 and n). The yields vary from 267 to 282 g. (90-95 per cent of the theoretical amount) (Notes 12,13, and 14). 

EPA Method 9071A Sludge Used to recover low levels of oil and grease from sludge. Used when relatively polar, heavy petroleum fractions are present, or when the levels of nonvolatile greases challenge the solubility limit of the solvent. Not recommended for measurement of low-boiling fractions. 

Heavy ends the highest-boiling portion of a petroleum fraction see also Light ends. 

Mead, L. Field Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Heavy Petroleum Fractions. Waxes. Anal. Chem. 1968,40, 743-747. 

---