Petroleum-based

Benzene was prepared from coal tar by August W von Hofmann m 1845 Coal tar remained the primary source for the industrial production of benzene for many years until petroleum based technologies became competitive about 1950 Current production IS about 6 million tons per year m the United States A substantial portion of this ben zene is converted to styrene for use m the preparation of polystyrene plastics and films... 

Although the rapid cost increases and shortages of petroleum-based feedstocks forecast a decade ago have yet to materialize, shift to natural gas or coal may become necessary in the new century. Under such conditions, it is possible that acrylate manufacture via acetylene, as described above, could again become attractive. It appears that condensation of formaldehyde with acetic acid might be preferred. A coal gasification complex readily provides all of the necessary intermediates for manufacture of acrylates (92). 

Higher aliphatic alcohols (C —C g) are produced ia a number of important industrial processes using petroleum-based raw materials. These processes are summarized in Table 1, as are the principal synthetic products and most important feedstocks (qv). Worldwide capacity for all higher alcohols was approximately 5.3 million metric tons per annum in early 1990, 90% of which was petroleum-derived. Table 2 Hsts the major higher aliphatic alcohol producers in the world in early 1990. 

Anhydrous Acetic Acid. In the manufacture of acetic acid by direct oxidation of a petroleum-based feedstock, solvent extraction has been used to separate acetic acid [64-19-7] from the aqueous reaction Hquor containing significant quantities of formic and propionic acids. Isoamyl acetate [123-92-2] is used as solvent to extract nearly all the acetic acid, and some water, from the aqueous feed (236). The extract is then dehydrated by azeotropic distillation using isoamyl acetate as water entrainer (see DISTILLATION, AZEOTROPIC AND EXTRACTIVE). It is claimed that the extraction step in this process affords substantial savings in plant capital investment and operating cost (see Acetic acid and derivatives). A detailed description of various extraction processes is available (237). 

Production of Eastman s entire acetic anhydride requirement from coal allows a reduction of 190,000 m /yr (1.2 million barrels/yr) in the amount of petroleum used for production of Eastman chemicals. Now virtually all of Eastman s acetyl products are made in part from coal-based feedstocks. Before the technology was introduced, these chemicals had been made from petroleum-based acetaldehyde. Reduced dependence on petroleum, much of which must be obtained from foreign sources, is important to maintain a strong domestic chemical industry. 

The first resins to be produced on a commercial scale were the coumarone—indene or coal-tar resins (1) production in the United States was started before 1920. These resins were dominant until the development of petroleum resins, which were estabHshed as important raw materials by the mid-1940s. Continued development of petroleum-based resins has led to a wide variety of aHphatic, cyclodiene, and aromatic hydrocarbon-based resins. The principal components of petroleum resins are based on piperylenes, dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), styrene, indene, and their respective alkylated derivatives. 

Although the viscosity index is useful for characterizing petroleum oils, other viscosity—temperature parameters are employed periodically. Viscosity temperature coefficients (VTCs) give the fractional drop in viscosity as temperature increases from 40 to 100°C and is useful in characterizing behavior of siHcones and some other synthetics. With petroleum base stocks, VTC tends to remain constant as increasing amounts of VI improvers are added. Constant B in equation 9, the slope of the line on the ASTM viscosity—temperature chart, also describes viscosity variation with temperature. 

To overcome these difficulties, drilling fluids are treated with a variety of mud lubricants available from various suppHers. They are mostly general-purpose, low toxicity, nonfluorescent types that are blends of several anionic or nonionic surfactants and products such as glycols and glycerols, fatty acid esters, synthetic hydrocarbons, and vegetable oil derivatives. Extreme pressure lubricants containing sulfurized or sulfonated derivatives of natural fatty acid products or petroleum-base hydrocarbons can be quite toxic to marine life and are rarely used for environmental reasons. Diesel and mineral oils were once used as lubricants at levels of 3 to 10 vol % but this practice has been curtailed significantly for environmental reasons. 

Process Oils, Plasticizers. Petroleum-based mbber process oils generally contain a mixture of paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic components. These oils vary in composition from grade to grade, but most contain some unsaturated moieties and this unsaturation can compete with the polymer for curatives. Therefore, state of cure can be decreased. This is not easily detected because oil softens the compound which masks the loss of state of cure. 

Nonfood Uses. Vegetable oils are utilized in a variety of nonedible applications, but only a few percent of the U.S. soybean oil production is used for such products (see Table 13). Soybean oil is converted into alkyd resins (qv) for protective coatings, plasticizers, dimer acids, surfactants (qv), printing inks, SoyDiesel fuel (methyl esters used to replace petroleum-based diesel fuel) and other products (76). 

Emulsions of fatty- and petroleum-based substances, both oils and waxes, of the o/w type are made by using blends of sorbitan fatty esters and their poly(oxyethylene) derivatives. Mixtures of poly(oxyethylene(20)) sorbitan monostearate (Polysorbate 60) and sorbitan monostearate are typical examples of blends used for lotions and creams. Both sorbitan fatty acid esters and their poly(oxyethylene) derivatives are particularly advantageous in cosmetic uses because of their very low skin irritant properties. Sorbitan fatty ester emulsifiers for w/o emulsions of mineral oil are used in hair preparations of both the lotion and cream type. Poly(oxyethylene(20)) sorbitan monolaurate is useflil in shampoo formulations (see Hairpreparations). Poly(oxyethylene) sorbitan surfactants are also used for solubilization of essential oils in the preparation of colognes and after-shave lotions. 

Over the years, larger quantities of sulfur have been recovered for a number of reasons. These iaclude iacreased petroleum refining and natural-gas processiag, more stringent limitations on sulfur dioxide emissions, and higher sulfur contents of the cmde oil refined. Another contributiag factor is the lower sulfur content limits set on petroleum-based fuels. 

Because of the importance of the petroleum-based processes discussed previously, only about 1% of the U.S. supply of BTX currentiy comes from coal pyrolysis (21). 

Plasticizers and Processing Aids. Petroleum-based oils are commonly used as plasticizers. Compound viscosity is reduced, and mixing, processing, and low temperature properties are improved. Air permeabihty is increased by adding extender oils. Plasticizers are selected for their compatibihty and low temperature properties. Butyl mbber has a solubihty parameter of ca 15.3 (f /cm ) [7.5 (cal/cm ) ], similar to paraffinic and naphthenic oils. Polybutenes, paraffin waxes, and low mol wt polyethylene can also be used as plasticizers (qv). Alkyl adipates and sebacates reduce the glass-transition temperature and improve low temperature properties. Process aids, eg, mineral mbber and Stmktol 40 ms, improve filler dispersion and cured adhesion to high unsaturated mbber substrates. 

If you combine petroleum based or synthetic based oil with a suitable thickening agent, you get grease. The thickening agent can represent between 3% and 30% of the total volume of grease. 

Ethylene Propylene (EP, EPDM) is an o-ring rubber compound that is compatible with most water-based chemicals. It is good with caustic soda, detergents, water treatment chemicals, steam, and wastewater and with food processes like milk, beer, and soups. EP rubber compound is petroleum based and for this reason it should never come into contact with petroleum based chemicals. 

The fluid used in the compressor is normally a petroleum based lubricating oil, but this is not universal. Factors to consider when selecting the lubricant include the following ... 

Currently, nearly all domestic pitches are obtained from either coal tar or petroleum precursors [5] The pitch products, whether petroleum-based or coal-tar based, arc prized by the ancillary industnes that are dependent upon them but such pilches arc, nevertheless, considered to be derived from byproduct materials. In addition, besides being derived from byproducts, the yield of pitch typically amounts to no more than 5 wt% based on the initial quantity of coal or crude feedstock [6]. 

Coal-tar pitch is particularly valuable to anode and electrode manufacturers The mam function is to plasticize coke gnst so that formed bodies can be extmded or molded without distortion during the later stages of processing Additionally, the pitch should give a high-carbon yield and not adversely affect the overall properties of the finished article. Although coal-tar pitch remains the bmder of choice, petroleum-based binders can perform satisfactorily for the aluminum industry [18]. 

Chromic acid concentrations m air (superseded by MDHS 52/3 (1998JJ Petroleum based adhesives m building operations Arsenic toxic hazards and precautions Spraying of highly flammable liquids... 

Regulates the use, transport or storage of petroleum spirit and - as extended by other legislation - mixtures, e.g. adhesives, thmners or lacquers containing petroleum, and non-petroleum based solvents with a flash point <73°F. 

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