Ethylene-ester copolymers

Ethylene-acid and ethylene-ester copolymers (EBA, EGMA, EMAH, EEA, EAA. ..)... 

A process based on saponification of ethylene—acrylate ester copolymers has been practiced commercially in Japan (29). The saponification naturally produces fully neutralized polymer, and it is then necessary to acidify in order to obtain a pardy neutralized, melt-processible product. Technology is described to convert the sodium ionomer produced by this process to the zinc type by soaking pellets in zinc acetate solution, followed by drying (29). 

Many synthetic latices exist (7,8) (see Elastomers, synthetic). They contain butadiene and styrene copolymers (elastomeric), styrene—butadiene copolymers (resinous), butadiene and acrylonitrile copolymers, butadiene with styrene and acrylonitrile, chloroprene copolymers, methacrylate and acrylate ester copolymers, vinyl acetate copolymers, vinyl and vinyUdene chloride copolymers, ethylene copolymers, fluorinated copolymers, acrylamide copolymers, styrene—acrolein copolymers, and pyrrole and pyrrole copolymers. Many of these latices also have carboxylated versions. 

Organic peroxides are used in the polymer industry as thermal sources of free radicals. They are used primarily to initiate the polymerisation and copolymerisation of vinyl and diene monomers, eg, ethylene, vinyl chloride, styrene, acryUc acid and esters, methacrylic acid and esters, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, and butadiene (see Initiators). They ate also used to cute or cross-link resins, eg, unsaturated polyester—styrene blends, thermoplastics such as polyethylene, elastomers such as ethylene—propylene copolymers and terpolymers and ethylene—vinyl acetate copolymer, and mbbets such as siUcone mbbet and styrene-butadiene mbbet. 

Pubhcations on curing polymers with TAIC include TEE—propylene copolymer (135), TEE—propylene—perfluoroaHyl ether (136), ethylene—chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymers (137), polyethylene (138), ethylene—vinyl acetate copolymers (139), polybutadienes (140), PVC (141), polyamide (142), polyester (143), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (144), sdoxane elastomers (145), maleimide polymers (146), and polyimide esters (147). 

Copolymers Containing Ethylene 277 Table 11.12 Typical properties of three olefin-ester copolymers... 

We make polyethylene resins using two basic types of chain growth reaction free radical polymerization and coordination catalysis. We use free radical polymerization to make low density polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl ester copolymers, and the ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer precursors for ethylene ionomers. We employ coordination catalysts to make high density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, and very low density polyethylene. 

The isoprene units in the copolymer impart the ability to crosslink the product. Polystyrene is far too rigid to be used as an elastomer but styrene copolymers with 1,3-butadiene (SBR rubber) are quite flexible and rubbery. Polyethylene is a crystalline plastic while ethylene-propylene copolymers and terpolymers of ethylene, propylene and diene (e.g., dicyclopentadiene, hexa-1,4-diene, 2-ethylidenenorborn-5-ene) are elastomers (EPR and EPDM rubbers). Nitrile or NBR rubber is a copolymer of acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene. Vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene and olefin-acrylic ester copolymers and 1,3-butadiene-styrene-vinyl pyridine terpolymer are examples of specialty elastomers. 

These comprise components A to C, the amount of component B being 5 to 50 pbw per 100 pbw of A (based on solid content) and the amount of C being 50 to 350 pbw per 100 pbw of A (based on solid content). A is an emulsion of ethylene-vinyl ester copolymer, which is composed of 5 to 35 wt.% of ethylene and 95 to 65 wt.% of vinyl ester, and has a Tg of -25 to -I-15C and a toluene-insoluble part of 30 wt.% or more. B is a thermal expansive hollow microbead and C is an inorganic filler. The emulsion has superior mechanical strength, crack resistance, water resistance, alkali resistance, blocking resistance, foaming property, embossing property and superior flame resistance and can be used for flameproof foam sheet for wallpaper. 

A foamable composition nsefnl for rotational moulding is described, which advantageonsly inclndes an ethylene vinyl ester copolymer as an additive. The additive beneficially has a higher melt index than the base resin of the composition. 

Copolymers of ethylene vinylacetate are the most commonly utilized fuel wax crystal modifiers. Other compounds such as vinyl acetate-fumarate copolymers, styrene-ester copolymers, diester-alphaolefin copolymers, as well as alkyl carbamate compounds are effective wax crystal modifiers. These compounds differ in both chemical structure and in the extent of performance provided. See FIGURES 6-7 and 6-8. 

ABA ABS ABS-PC ABS-PVC ACM ACS AES AMMA AN APET APP ASA BR BS CA CAB CAP CN CP CPE CPET CPP CPVC CR CTA DAM DAP DMT ECTFE EEA EMA EMAA EMAC EMPP EnBA EP EPM ESI EVA(C) EVOH FEP HDI HDPE HIPS HMDI IPI LDPE LLDPE MBS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-acrylate Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-polycarbonate alloy Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-poly(vinyl chloride) alloy Acrylic acid ester rubber Acrylonitrile-chlorinated pe-styrene Acrylonitrile-ethylene-propylene-styrene Acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate Acrylonitrile Amorphous polyethylene terephthalate Atactic polypropylene Acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile Butadiene rubber Butadiene styrene rubber Cellulose acetate Cellulose acetate-butyrate Cellulose acetate-propionate Cellulose nitrate Cellulose propionate Chlorinated polyethylene Crystalline polyethylene terephthalate Cast polypropylene Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride Chloroprene rubber Cellulose triacetate Diallyl maleate Diallyl phthalate Terephthalic acid, dimethyl ester Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer Ethylene-ethyl acrylate Ethylene-methyl acrylate Ethylene methacrylic acid Ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer Elastomer modified polypropylene Ethylene normal butyl acrylate Epoxy resin, also ethylene-propylene Ethylene-propylene rubber Ethylene-styrene copolymers Polyethylene-vinyl acetate Polyethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers Fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymers Hexamethylene diisocyanate High-density polyethylene High-impact polystyrene Diisocyanato dicyclohexylmethane Isophorone diisocyanate Low-density polyethylene Linear low-density polyethylene Methacrylate-butadiene-styrene... 

Phosphorus Phosphate esters and others (halogenated and nonhalogenated) Polyurethane foams, polyesters, and thermoplastics such as flexible PVC, modified PPO, and cellulosics Also polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and ethylene/propylene copolymers Akzo Nobel, Albemarle, Amfine Chemical Corp., Amspec Chemical, Bayer, Ciba Specialty Chemical-Melapur, Clariant, Cytec, Daihachi Chemical Industry, Great Lakes, Italmatch Chemicals, Nitroil, Rhodia... 

Alkylene Isophthalate/PTME Isophthalate Copolymers. Polyether-ester copolymers having the compositions 50% alkylene isophthalate/ PTME isophthalate were prepared using as diols ethylene glycol (2G),... 

Among the terephthalate-based polyether-ester copolymers, those prepared using 1,4-butanediol as the diol monomer exhibit the best overall physical properties. The use of ethylene glycol as the diol monomer retards the rate of polymer formation and results in copolymers which crystallize slowly. Other aliphatic ,w-diols yield terephthalate-based polyether-ester copolymers which are low in tensile strength and tear strength relative to the 1,4-butanediol-based copolymer. Terephthalate-based copolymers prepared with 1,4-benzenedimethanol as the diol monomer are relatively low in inherent viscosity, tensile strength, and tear strength. 

Petroleum Wax, Synthetic, occurs as an off white to white wax. It is a refined mixture of solid hydrocarbons, paraffinic in nature, prepared by the catalytic polymerization of ethylene or copolymer of ethylene with linear (C3-C12) alpha-olefins. Synthetic Petroleum Wax ranges in melting point from about 77° to 116° (170° to 240°F). It is most soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons and least soluble in ketones, in esters, and in alcohols. 

The IR spectra of an AES film recorded in the hydroxyl vibration region during the first 38 h of irradiation showed an increase in a broad absorption band centered around 3450 cm-1 attributed to hydroperoxides. The development of a complex band with a maximum at 1713 cm-1 and shoulders around 1690, 1730 and 1770 cm-1 was observed in the carbonyl vibrations region (Figure 30.6). These maxima correspond to carbonylated photoproducts that have been previously identified during photooxidation of EPDM [17] and ethylene-propylene copolymer [18]. The bands at 1713, 1730 and 1770cm-1 correspond, respectively, to the absorption of saturated acids (dimer form) and ketones, esters and lactones or peresters the absorption around 1690 cm-1 is related to the presence of unsaturated carbonyl species. 

Acetic acid, ethylene ester polymer with ethane CoTran-ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer EVA EVA copolymer EVM poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) VA/ethylene copolymer vinyl acetate/ethylene copolymer. 

A different type of crosslinking is possible for esters with the diacids (or diols) containing double bonds in the molecule. This is more common for ester copolymers. For example, an isophthalic acid/fumaric acid/ethylene glycol polyester has the structure shown below ... 

End-group analysis by C-NMR of the ethylene/CO copolymer produced in methanol genertdly shows the presence of 50 % ester (-COOMe) and 50 % ketone (-COCH2CH3) groups, in accordance with the average overall stmcture of the polymer molecule as depicted in eq. (2). It is not clear a priori which group is the head and which is the tail of the molecules. Moreover, GC and MS analyses of oligomers produced with certain catalysts [13] show, in addition to the expected keto-ester product (Structure 2), the presence of diester (Stmcture 3) and diketone (Stmcture 4) compounds. 

The catalyzed graft copolymerization of styrene-methyl methacry-late-EASC and a-methylstyrene-methacrylonitrile-EASC onto nitrile rubber in solution is shown in Table XII. In addition, grafting has been done on ethylene-propylene copolymers, polybutadiene, acrylic ester copolymers, and other polymers containing labile hydrogen atoms. 

Lotryl . [Atochem N. Am.] Ethylene/ acrylic ester copolymers for films, coextrusion, gloves, sheets, coating, hot melts, compounding. 

ADK Stab LA 77 Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) decanedioate Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-sebacate Decanedioic acid, bis 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) ester EINECS 258-207-9 HALS 1 HALS 770 Lowilite 77 LS 770 Mark LA 77 Sanol Sanol 770 Sanol LS 700 Sanol LS 770 Sumisorb 577 T 770 TIN 770 Tinuvin 770 Tinuvin 770DF Tinuvin 770LS TK-10665 Uvaseb 770. Light stabilizer for polyolefins, ABS, PUR acrylics, PS and styrene copolymers, thermoplastic elastomers, ethylene-propylene copolymers, polyamides. Ciba-Geigy Corp. En/Chem SpA bowi. 

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