Utility fuels

Utilities (fuel, steam, electricity, cooling water, process water, compressed air, inert gases, etc.)... 

When the Clean Air Act of 1990 was signed into law, electric utiUties were requited to estabUsh plans and initiate projects to comply with that Act s Tide IV. Each utihty had to evaluate how the various commercial and emerging clean coal systems fit into the utiUty s technical and business environment resulting in strategies to utilize fuel switching and wet throwaway FGD processes almost exclusively (38,85,86). 

In addition to the fixed capital investment needed to purchase and install process equipment and auxiliaries, there is a continuous expenditure referred to as operating cost, which is needed to operate the process. The operating cost (or manufacturing cost or production cost) includes raw materials, mass-separating agents, utilities (fuel, electricity, steam, water, refrigerants, air, etc.), catalysts, additives, labor, and maintenance. The total annualized cost of a process is defined as follows ... 

Eleccric Power Research Insdtute. (1991). Proceedings 1989 Conference on Municipal Solid Waste as a Utility Fuel, ed. E. Hughes. Palo Alto, CA Author. 

To its advantage, the fluid bed may utilize fuels with high ash contents, which affect the availability of other systems. It is also possible to control the acid emissions by additions to the bed during combustion. They are also less selective in fuels and can cope with a wide range of solid-fuel characteristics. 

Fhosphoric acid does not have all the properties of an ideal fuel cell electrolyte. Because it is chemically stable, relatively nonvolatile at temperatures above 200 C, and rejects carbon dioxide, it is useful in electric utility fuel cell power plants that use fuel cell waste heat to raise steam for reforming natural gas and liquid fuels. Although phosphoric acid is the only common acid combining the above properties, it does exhibit a deleterious effect on air electrode kinetics when compared with other electrolytes ( ) including such materials as sulfuric and perchloric acids, whose chemical instability at T > 120 C render them unsuitable for utility fuel cell use. In the second part of this paper, we will review progress towards the development of new acid electrolytes for fuel cells. 

Lackner, K.S., Ziock, H.-J., and Grimes, P., Carbon Dioxide Extraction from Air Is it an Option Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Coal Utilization Fuel Systems, Clearwater, FL, 1999. 

Roark, S.E., Mackay, R., and Sammells, A.F., Hydrogen Separation Membranes for Vision 21 Energy Plants, Proceedings of the International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization Fuel Systems, 27(1), 101, 2002. 

Figure 8-17 Cell Performance at 1000°C with Pure Oxygen (0) and Air (A) Both at 25% Utilization (Fuel (67% H2/22% C0/11%H20) Utilization is 85%) (30)...

Figure 8-14 SOFC Performance at 1000°C and 350 mA/cm, 85% Fuel Utilizatiou aud 25% Air Utilization (Fuel = Simulated Air-Blown Coal Gas Containing 5000 ppm NH3,...

Characteristics of soil Quantity of waste Utility/fuel rates Moisture content of soil Initial contaminant concentration Characteristics of residual waste Waste handling/preprocessing Target contaminant concentration Amount of debris with waste Labor rates... 

Waste handling/preprocessing Debris content of waste Utility/fuel rates Labor rates... 

In 1996, Delphi estimated the cost of processing wastes at 2.50 to 10.00/kg. Among the factors listed as affecting cost were quantity of waste, labor rates, initial contaminant concentration, characteristics of residual waste, waste handling and pretreatment, amount of debris, utility/fuel rates, and target contaminant concentration (D13821G, p. 24). 

In 1991 the vendor estimated the cost of thermal desorption technology to be approximately 80 per ton of soil treated, based on a system that treats soil with 20% moisture content at a rate of 10 tons per hour. This cost includes 20 per ton for depreciation and 60 per ton for labor, utilities, fuel, materials and supplies, and administrative costs (D12872N, p. 44). 

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