Copolymer with styrene

Styrene is a colorless Hquid with an aromatic odor. Important physical properties of styrene are shown in Table 1 (1). Styrene is infinitely soluble in acetone, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, ether, / -heptane, and ethanol. Nearly all of the commercial styrene is consumed in polymerization and copolymerization processes. Common methods in plastics technology such as mass, suspension, solution, and emulsion polymerization can be used to manufacture polystyrene and styrene copolymers with different physical characteristics, but processes relating to the first two methods account for most of the styrene polymers currendy (ca 1996) being manufactured (2—8). Polymerization generally takes place by free-radical reactions initiated thermally or catalyticaHy. Polymerization occurs slowly even at ambient temperatures. It can be retarded by inhibitors. 

Enamels. The flexibility grades for the eight enamels (Table I) that were irradiated with 3-4 Mrad and 6-7.5 Mrad at 5, —30, and —90°C are shown in Table II. These data indicate that the epoxy-based enamels showed the best initial flexibility at — 90 °C and maintained their flexibility after irradiation. The preferred enamels were the epoxy phenolic with aluminum pigment, epoxy-wax and butadiene-styrene copolymer with aluminum pigment, and epoxy-wax with aluminum pigment. Tinplate adhesion before and after irradiation was satisfactory for the eight enamels. 

In these styrene copolymers with isopropenylferrocene, the low inclusion of styrene units could be attributed to the greater reactivity of isopropenylferrocene, and vinylferrocene has been assumed to have an r value greater than styrene by Aso and Kunitake.30... 

The isoprene units in the copolymer impart the ability to crosslink the product. Polystyrene is far too rigid to be used as an elastomer but styrene copolymers with 1,3-butadiene (SBR rubber) are quite flexible and rubbery. Polyethylene is a crystalline plastic while ethylene-propylene copolymers and terpolymers of ethylene, propylene and diene (e.g., dicyclopentadiene, hexa-1,4-diene, 2-ethylidenenorborn-5-ene) are elastomers (EPR and EPDM rubbers). Nitrile or NBR rubber is a copolymer of acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene. Vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene and olefin-acrylic ester copolymers and 1,3-butadiene-styrene-vinyl pyridine terpolymer are examples of specialty elastomers. 

The hydrogenated products are nitrile rubber, with good heat resistance, and styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer, with high tensile strength, better permeability and degradation resistance. 

Asaparene Linear block styrene copolymer with butadiene Asahi... 

Calprene Linear and branched styrene copolymers with butadiene Repsol... 

Linear block styrene copolymers with ethylene-propylene PS PP SAN... 

RAFT has also been used to produce graft polymers. The grafting from method is achieved by reacting a halogen-containing polymer such as styrene p-chloromethy I styrene copolymer with sodium dithiohenzoate to obtain a polymeric dithioester, which is an initiator in RAFT polymerization (Sec. 3-15d) [Quinn et al., 2002]. 

B. by promoting interparticle attraction. These materials are styrene copolymers with carboxyl groups, synthetic polyelectrolytes and natural gums. 

The support originally used for solid-phase synthesis was partially chloromethy-lated cross-linked polystyrene, which was prepared by chloromethylation of cross-linked polystyrene with chloromethyl methyl ether and tin(IV) chloride [1-3] or zinc chloride [4] (Figure 6.1). Haloalkylations of this type are usually only used for the functionalization of supports, and not for selective transformation of support-bound intermediates. Because of the mutagenicity of a-haloethers, other methods have been developed for the preparation of chloromethyl polystyrene. These include the chlorination of methoxymethyl polystyrene (Figure 6.1 [5]), the use of a mixture of dimethoxymethane, sulfuryl chloride, and chlorosulfonic acid instead of chloromethyl methyl ether [6], the chlorination of hydroxymethyl polystyrene [7], and the chlorination of cross-linked 4-methylstyrene-styrene copolymer with sodium hypochlorite [8], sulfuryl chloride [8], or cobalt(III) acetate/lithium chloride [9] (Figure 6.1, Table 6.1). 

The discovery of the ability of lithium-based catalysts to polymerize isoprene to give a high cis 1,4 polyisoprene was rapidly followed by the development of alkyllithium-based polybutadiene. The first commercial plant was built by the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company in 1960. Within a few years the technology was expanded to butadiene-styrene copolymers, with commercial production under way toward the end of the 1960s. 

Koppers produced SMA moulding powders under the tradename Dylark . Arco has since acquired this business and continues to produce these SMA resins today under the Dylark tradename. Another styrene copolymer with better heat resistance than regular polystyrene is the copolymer of styrene and fumaronitrile which was reported in 1948 [27]. Both of these styrene copolymers are based on nonpolymerizable monomers - that is, fumaronitrile, like its corresponding anhydride (maleic anhydride), does not form homopolymers but readily copolymerizes with styrene at levels of up to 40%. Monsanto attempted to commercialize the styrene-fumaronitrile copolymer under the tradename Cerex , but residual fumaronitrile was a powerful vesicant (an irritant which causes blisters) and the project was shelved [28]. 

Takahashi HIY, Yamamoto S and Kamigaito O (1990) Flow curves of mixtures of acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers with different molecular weights at extremely high shear rates. J Rheol (Jpn) 18 125—8. 

A bifunctional cation exchange resin carrying strongly acidic (sulfonic) and weakly acidic (carboxylic) groups was introduced in the mid-1960s but was to never merit a sustained commercial viability, and has since been discontinued. Undoubtedly, the acrylic and styrene copolymers with divinylbenzene form the basis of most commercially manufactured cation exchange resins available today. 

Styrene copolymer with divinylbenzene is used frequently in many polystyrene products, and the similarity between the two comonomers makes this copolymer almost identifiable with the homopolymer itself. In terms of production volume, styrene copolymer with butadiene is probably the most important copolymer (SBR). Depending on the butadiene/styrene ratio, the copolymer is used as an elastomer with large applications in the tire industry, in the manufacturing of conveyor belts, etc. when butadiene/styrene ratio is 75/25 parts wt., or when butadiene/styrene ratio is 40/60 parts... 

A hindered amine light stabiliser has been found to enhance the light stability of blends of low and linear low density polyethylene with the latter contributing linearly to the overall stability of the blend. In coatings hindered piperidine light stabilisers are also effective especially when used in conjunction with a benzotriazole absorber while surface protection of styrene copolymers with 2-(2-hydroxy-5-vinylphenyl)benzotriazole requires a small amount of a hindered piperidine stabiliser. Polymeric hindered piperidine compounds on the other hand have been found to inhibit the singlet oxygen attack on poly(butadiene). ... 

Buna 85 is polybutadiene (the number represents Mooney viscosity), molecular weight -80,000. Hard rubber has high softening point and excellent chemical resistance. The coefficient of vulcanisation to the ebonite stage is 39.3. The coefficient of vulcanisation is the number of unit weight of sulfur combined with 100 units by weight of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Buna S is a butadiene styrene copolymer with 70/30 to 68/32 ratio. Buna SS contains a high proportion of styrene. Perbunan are nitrile rubbers... 

Figure 6. Effect of degree of conversion on the incorporation of styrene into a butadiene-styrene copolymer with no polar modifier present ( = 32°C,...

The data depicted in Figure 3 were supplemented by investigations of butadiene-styrene copolymers with styrene contents of 10 and 20 wt %. It is evident from Figure 4 that crosslinking of these rubbers is also essentially determined by the number of 1,2-vinyl units. The data for styrene copolymers coincide with those of the polybutadiene curve. 

Fullerene-styrene copolymers have been prepared in radical initiated and thermal polymerization reactions [148-151]. In radical copolymerizations of Cgg and styrene, copolymers with Cgg contents up to 50% (wt/wt) can be obtained [150]. Electronic absorption spectra of the copolymers are very different from that of monomeric C o (Fig. 36). The absorptivities per unit weight concentration of the copolymers j increase with increasing C q contents in the copolymers in a nearly linear relationship (Fig. 37). Fluorescence spectra of the Cgg-styrene copolymers, blue-shifted from the spectrum of monomeric Cgo, are dependent on excitation wavelengths in a systematic fashion [149]. Interestingly, the observed absorption and fluorescence spectral profiles of CgQ-styrene and Cyg-styrene copolymers are very similar, even though the spectra of monomeric CgQ and C70 are very different. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the fullerene-styrene copolymers are also similar to those of the pendant Cgg-poly-styrene polymer (19) prepared in a Friedel-Crafts type reaction [150,156]. 

Trying to completely avoid the technically unpleasant process of chloromethylation, Negre et al. [48, 49] prepared a linear styrene copolymer with p-vinylbenzyl chloride and then subjected the product to self-crosslinking. Alternatively to the earlier-mentioned crosslinking of linear polystyrene with MCDE, this procedure results in local inhomogeneity of crosslinks distribution, because of the uneven distribution of the two comonomers along the initial chain (the monomer reactivity ratios of vinylbenzyl chloride and styrene are 1.41 and 0.71, respectively). Nevertheless, vinylbenzyl chloride became a popular comonomer for styrene and DVB in the preparation of beaded hypercrosslinked products [50-52]. 

C. Thus, styrene copolymers with 1.5% DVB obtained in the presence of 35—50wt% of tso-octane were reported to display cellular texture, with the pore size ranging from 100 to 2000 A. Chloromethylation and subsequent post-crossHnking of such copolymers should result in highly permeable hypercrosslinked sorbents. 

Figure 7.11 Toluene regain for the hypercrosslinked networks prepared by crosslinking with MCDE of (1) linear polystyrene of about 300 kDa molecular weight and (2-6) styrene copolymers with (2) 0.17, (3) 0.3, (4) 0.6, (5) 1.40, and (6) 2.7% DVB. (Reprinted from [151] with permission of Wiley Son, Inc.)...

Figure 7.17 Kinetics of swelling in toluene of gel-type copolymers (1) the network prepared by crosslinking styrene-0.2% DVB copolymer with monochlorodimethyl ether to 25% and conventional styrene copolymers with (2) 1.4, (3) 2.7, and (4) 5.3% DVB, as measured on Individual beads (full lines) and averaged over 10 measurements (dotted lines). (Reprinted from [159] with permission ofAkademizdattsentr Nauka RAN.)...

The third group, Styrosorb 2, represents nanoporous single-phase polymers derived from spherical beads of gel-type styrene copolymers with largely 0.7% DVB, post-crosslinked in swollen state with monochlorodimethyl ether. The size of the micropores is approximately 10—30 A, and the apparent specific surface area reaches very large values of 1000—1900 m /g, which is comparable to the range of the best activated carbons. On the other hand, the pore volume of these materials is rather small, 0.2—0.3 cm /g. 

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