Solid hydrocarbon

A number of types of bituminous material exist and terminology is still somewhat confusing. The term bitumens in its widest sense includes liquid and solid hydrocarbons but its popular meaning is restricted to the solid and semisolid materials. The bitumens occur widely in nature and may be considered to be derived from petroleum either by evaporation of the lighter fraction under atmospheric conditions or by a deeper seated metamorphism. The purer native bitumens are generally known as asphaltites and include Gilsonite, extensively used for moulding, which occurs in Utah. 

The most common low-specific-gravity solids used to reduce cement slurry specific weight are bentonite, diatomaceous earth, solid hydrocarbons, expanded perlite and pozzolan. It may not be possible to reduce the cement slurry specific weight enough with the above low-specific-weight materials when very weak formations are exposed. In such cases nitrogen is used to aerate the mud column above the cement slurry to assist in further decreasing the hydrostatic pressure. 

Solid Hydrocarbons. Gilsonite (an asphaltite) and coal are used as very-low-specific-gravity solids additives. These additives do not require a great deal of water to be added to the slurry when they are used. 

Paraffin (Paraffin wax. Hard paraffin). A mixt of solid hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, obtained from petroleum. Colorl or white somewhat translucent, tasteless, odorless solid greasy feel bums with a luminous flame. 

Purge gases used with liquid fluorine (—188°C or below) must be scrupulously dry and of low hydrocarbon content (<5 ppm), to prevent formation of ice crystals or solid hydrocarbons. 

The C-H activation chemistry can also be conducted on solid hydrocarbons, such as adamantane (Equation (13)).78 A suitably inert solvent for such a reaction is 2,2-dimethylbutane. Rh2( -DOSP)4-catalyzed decomposition of methyl phenyldiazoacetate in the presence of 2 equiv. of adamantane generated the C-H insertion product in 90% ee. 

Gas purification Solid hydrocarbons such as coal are partially oxidized without a catalyst in the process. 

S3omyaev, Z.I., Tnmanyan, B.P., Kolesnikov, S.I., and Zhokhova, N.l. Some anomalies in melUng points of binary mrxtnres of solid hydrocarbons, Zhur. Prlkl. Khlm. (Leningrad), 57 666-669, 1984. 

Solid hydrocarbon materials are not observable in process NMR instruments. In order to be observed the molecules under analysis must be entirely in the liquid state and must be above a nominal viscosity threshold. In heavy or waxy petroleum streams the samples must be heated to approximately 80 °C to lower viscosity and ensure melting and solubility of waxy components. 

This work has demonstrated that organically bound sulfur forms can be distinguished and in some manner quantified directly in model compound mixtures, and in petroleum and coal. The use of third derivatives of the XANES spectra was the critical factor in allowing this analysis. The tentative quantitative identifications of sulfur forms appear to be consistent with the chemical behavior of the petroleum and coal samples. XANES and XPS analyses of the same samples show the same trends in relative levels of sulfide and thiophenic forms, but with significant numerical differences. This reflects the fact that use of both XPS and XANES methods for quantitative determinations of sulfur forms are in an early development stage. Work is currently in progress to resolve issues of thickness effects for XANES spectra and to define the possible interferences from pyritic sulfur in both approaches. In addition these techniques are being extended to other nonvolatile and solid hydrocarbon materials. 

Hope patented in 1884 in England—Black Powder in which part of charcoal is replaced by starch, flour, sugar, or other organic substances. Some bitumen, or other solid hydrocarbons was included in order to obtain more complete combustion Ref Daniel (1902) 377... 

Koronit. One of the Ger expls of the chlora-tite class, developed during WWI in order to conserve NG. It contains K nitrate and/or Na nitrate 70—80, Nitroderivatives of toluene and/or diphenylamine and/or naphthalene 12—20, vegetable meal 1—5, solid hydrocarbons and/or oils and fats 3—5 NG (not gelatinized) 2—6%... 

Extra life. Cun dill (Ref 1) gives composition in parts Zn chloride 50, AN 50, soli i hydrocarbons 10, liquid hydrocarbons 5 Amm carbonate 5. In Daniel (Ref 2) its compn is given in percentages as Zn chloride 41,37, AN 41.97, solid hydrocarbons 4.16, liquid hydrocarbons 8,34 Amm carbonate 4.16%... 

Continuing in the alkane series (also called the paraffin series because the first solid hydrocarbon in the series is paraffin, or candle wax), the next compound is pentane. This name is derived from the Greek word penta, for five. As its name implies, it has five carbon atoms, and its molecular formula is C,H12. From pentane on, the Greek prefix for the numbers five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, and so on are used to name the alkanes, the Greek prefix corresponding to the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. The first four members of the alkane series do not use the Greek... 

Petroleum, and the equivalent term crude oil, cover a vast assortment of materials consisting of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbon-type chemical compounds that occur in sedimentary deposits throughout the world (3). When petroleum occurs in a reservoir that allows the cmde material to be recovered by pumping operations as a free-flowing dark- to light-colored liquid, it is often referred to as conventional petroleum. 

One type of chemical approach to the analysis of liquid and solid hydrocarbons that will probably see considerable development is that involving reaction or complex formation to yield precipitates that can be separated from the unreacted mass and subsequently be treated to regenerate the hydrocarbons or class of hydrocarbons so precipitated. This field is certainly not extensively developed. In fact very few examples come to mind but among these are Gair s (21) determination of naphthalene by precipitation with picric acid determination of benzene by Pritzker and Jungkunz (52) by an aqueous solution of specially prepared nickel ammonium cyanide Bond s (8) nitrous acid method for styrene and more recently the determination of normal alkanes in hydrocarbons of more than 15 carbon atoms by adduct formation with urea as described by Zimmerschied et al. (71). 

Dynamit 4 (Get). NG 36.0—39.5, NC (from surplus smokeless propint) 0.5—4, alkali nitrate and/or K perchlorate 40—50, vegetable meal and/or solid hydrocarbons 1—7 inorganic inert salts 7—12%... 

K perchlorate and/or AN and/or alkali nitrate 50—74, woodmeal and/or solid hydrocarbons 1—6, nitrocompds of toluene and/or naphthalene and/or diphenylamine 2—12, alkali chloride 0—12 antacid with. some ocher 0—5%... 

There arc a number of other factors that become very important to consider aside from the simple differences in bond strength. The earliest approach to direct fluorination of solid hydrocarbons operated on the principle of very gradual addition of fluorine over a period of time stretching in length from 4 hours to several days as seen in Figure 1. The thermodynamic strategy, the kinetic strategy and the Lamar Process dilution make it much easier to produce a myriad of new fluorocarbon materials which were not accessible by any other fluorination technique. 

Figure 1. Fluorination of solid hydrocarbons by gradual addition of fluorine...

Alexander s Explosive Compositions consisted of naphrhalene(with one or more other solid hydrocarbons), K pier ace and oxidizers such as KNO, or KCl0s in various proportions... 

Since the petroleum engineer is rarely concerned with solid hydrocarbons, in the following discussion we will consider only the vapor-pressure line and the liquid and gas portions of the phase diagram. 

Davey Watson s Powder- Patented in England in 1874, the powder consisted of BkPdr impregnated with either liq or solid hydrocarbons Ref Daniel (1902), 180... 

To determine them quantitatively, the essential oil is oxidised completely with fuming nitric add, as in the estimation of petroleum in oil of turpentine (see Chapter IX, this volume). Some ethereal oils, such as rose, chamomile and neroli oils, contain naturally solid hydrocarbons (paraffin wax). 

Guttapercha consists essentially of solid hydrocarbons (gutta) and resinous matters (fluavil, albane) and may contain also various impurities. In the raw state it is in masses or loaves of different shapes and sizes its colour is from dirty white to reddish brown and it has a peculiar odour D -= 0 96-1 it is not elastic, but is flexible and plastic, its plasticity increasing at about 60-70° C. it melts at about 120° and decomposes at a higher temperature. It is an excellent electrical insulator. 

Roth, W.A. Patented in 1886 in Fr the use of PA (up to 60%) in mixts with AN and drying oils. The resulting plastic mass was loaded into plastic cartridges, and waterproofed by means of a soln of solid hydrocarbons in turpentine. In the same year, he also patented the prepn of expls by treating tar either 1) successively with nitric acid and chlorine, or 2) a mixt of nitric and hydrochloric acids, or 3) a mixt of nitric acid and Na chloride, or 4) Na nitrate and hycrochloric acid Ref Daniel (1902), 694... 

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