Pyrrole/2- copolymers

Many synthetic latices exist (7,8) (see Elastomers, synthetic). They contain butadiene and styrene copolymers (elastomeric), styrene—butadiene copolymers (resinous), butadiene and acrylonitrile copolymers, butadiene with styrene and acrylonitrile, chloroprene copolymers, methacrylate and acrylate ester copolymers, vinyl acetate copolymers, vinyl and vinyUdene chloride copolymers, ethylene copolymers, fluorinated copolymers, acrylamide copolymers, styrene—acrolein copolymers, and pyrrole and pyrrole copolymers. Many of these latices also have carboxylated versions. 

Figure 9.16 AFM images (noncontact mode) of (a) pure precursor polymer, (b) 10% pyrrole copolymer, (c) 50% pyrrole copolymer, (d) pure polypyrrole, and (e) precursor 1 on an Au electrode. (Reprinted with permission from Langmuir, Distinct Surface Morphologies of Electropolymerized Polymethylsiloxane Network Polypyrrole and Comonomer Films by P. Taranekar, X. Fan, and R. Advincula, 18, 21, 7943-7952. Copyright (2002) American Chemical Society)...

Plasma polymerization technique can also be used to obtain conducting copolymers. Aniline-pyrrole copolymer (PANI-PPy) thin films and the same copolymer with iodine added (PANl-PPy/1) were... 

Nastase, R, D. Mihaiescu, and C. Nastase. 2005. Plasma polymerized ferrocene-pyrrole copolymer films. Composites Part A Appl Sci Manuf 36 503. 

U. Geissler, M. L. Hallensleben, L. Toppare, Electrochemical studies on carbazole/pyrrole-copolymers, Synthetic Metals 1993, 55,1483. 

Self-doped polypyrrole was first prepared by Reynolds et al. [42] and Havinga et al. [43] in 1987. Their approach to self-doping of polymers was based on monomers that were easier to polymerize electrochemically. Reynolds et al. prepared the N-substituted pyrrole copolymer, poly(pyrrole-co-(3-(pyrrol-l-yl)propanesulfonate)) (Figure 5.1) in acetonitrile containing tetrabutyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate as a supporting electrolyte on a platinum electrode. The monomer, potassium... 

Andrieux, C. R, and Audebert, R, Synthesis and cyclic voltammetry of pyrrole copolymers substituted by anthraquinone, phenothiazine or anthracene moieties, J. Elec-troanal. Chem., 285, 163-175 (1990). 

Figure 11.12. Chemical structure of 3-methylthiophene/ pyrrole copolymer.

Figure 11.19. Chemical stmcture of pyrrole/3-[4-(2,5-di-methoxyphenyl)butyl]pyrrole copolymer.

In an effort to immobilize glucose oxidase in ferrocene-modified pyrrole copolymers, Foulds and Lowe [155] synthesized [(ferrocenyl)amidopropyl]pyr-role (FAPP) and ([(ferrocenyl)amidopentyl]amidopro-... 

Figure 11.21. Chemical structure of pyrrole/3-(6-ferrocenyl-6-hydroxyhexyl)pyrrole copolymer.

The reactivity of pyrrole and thiophene during copolymerization with their derivatives depends strongly on the oxidation potentials of the monomers. Accordingly, the use of a monomer feed of bithiophene and pyrrole is the optimum method for preparing thiophene/pyrrole copolymers. But the best route to thiophene/1-methylpyrrole copolymers is to homo-polymerize A/-methyl-2,5-di-(2-thienyl)-pyrrole. 

Electrically conductive copolymers of 3-methylthio-phene are insoluble, infusible and unstable in the presence of moisture. Random copolymerization of 3-methlthiophene with 3-alkylthiophenes where the alkyl chain contains four or more carbons confers solution processability to the undoped polymer. The PPEP method is an effective process for fabricating heterolayers of 3-methylthiophene/pyrrole copolymers. 

It is difficult to prepare pyrrole/V-phenylpyrrole copolymers of uniform composition containing more than 20 mole% of phenyl substituted monomers. Electrically conductive (1 S cm ) thin films of the l-(/7-nitrophenyl)pyrrole copolymer are stable during cycling in dry, oxygen-free electrolyte. 

Fig. 12.15 Structures of three different calix[4]pyrrole copolymers, namely the calix[4]pyrrole copolymer 24 reported by Akar et al. [42] the ditopic copolymer 25 containing a calix[4]pyrrole and a crown-5 ether [43], and the polystyrene polymer 26 bearing pendant calix[4]pyrroles of Aydogan [44]...

Table 10.1 Compositional Dependence of Conductivity for pyrrole-(A-substituted) pyrrole Copolymers...

Several pyrrole copolymers containing redox active groups have been prepared in order to control electrical properties. One set is derived from the electrochemical copolymerization of pyrrole and A-(2-ferrocenylethyl) pyrrole (Via) [36] or N-(4-ferrocenylbutyl)pyrrole (VIb)... 

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