Chloride Copolymers

Vinyl chloride is used almost exclusively for the manufacture of polymers and copolymers. U.S. production 1983 2-6 megatonnes. See vinyl chloride polymers. 

Polymeric vinylidene chloride generally produced by free radical polymerization of CH2 = CCl2. Homopolymers and copolymers are used. A thermoplastic used in moulding, coatings and fibres. The polymers have high thermal stability and low permeability to gases, and are self extinguishing. 

Vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride lead to the copolymer known as Saran. Other commercial copolymers are produced from vinyl chloride and acrylonitrile (Dynel), and from maleic anhydride and styrene. 

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymer Poly(vinylidene chloride)... 

Polyolefin Polyester Block copolymers of styrene and butadiene or styrene and isoprene Block copolymers of styrene and ethylene or styrene and butylene Poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(vinyl acetate) ... 

The data in Table 7.6 list the mole fraction of methyl acrylate in the feedstock and in the copolymer for the methyl acrylate (Mi)-vinyl chloride (M2) system. Use Eq. (7.54) as the basis for the graphical determination of the reactivity ratios which describe this system. 

The mole fractions of various dyads in the vinylidine chloride (Mi)-isobutylem (Mj) system were determinedf by NMR spectroscopy. A selection of the value obtained are listed below, as well as the compositions of the feedstocks fron which the copolymers were prepared ... 

Figure 9.17 Plot of log [i ]M versus retention volume for various polymers, showing how different systems are represented by a single calibration curve when data are represented in this manner. The polymers used include linear and branched polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(phenyl siloxane), polybutadiene, and branched, block, and graft copolymers of styrene and methyl methacrylate. [From Z. Grubisec, P. Rempp, and H. Benoit, Polym. Lett. 5 753 (1967), used with permission of Wiley.]...

U.S. demand for [CPD OROC ARSONS AND CPD OROHYDROC ARSONS - SURVEY] (Vol5) Vinylidene chloride-acrylomtrile copolymers [9010-76-8]... 

Hydrolysis of cationic polyacrylamides prepared from copolymeri2ation of acrylamide and cationic ester monomer can occur under very mild conditions. A substantial loss in cationicity can cause a significant loss in performance in many apphcations. Copolymers [69418-26-4] of acrylamide and acryloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride [44992-01 -0] CgH gN02(Cl), for instance, lose cationicity rapidly at alkaline pH (37). 

Copolymers of acrylamide and acryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride have become increasingly preferred due to the favorable reactivity ratios between these two monomers, which result ia copolymers with a uniform composition. 

Nitrile mbber finds broad application in industry because of its excellent resistance to oil and chemicals, its good flexibility at low temperatures, high abrasion and heat resistance (up to 120°C), and good mechanical properties. Nitrile mbber consists of butadiene—acrylonitrile copolymers with an acrylonitrile content ranging from 15 to 45% (see Elastomers, SYNTHETIC, NITRILE RUBBER). In addition to the traditional applications of nitrile mbber for hoses, gaskets, seals, and oil well equipment, new applications have emerged with the development of nitrile mbber blends with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). These blends combine the chemical resistance and low temperature flexibility characteristics of nitrile mbber with the stability and ozone resistance of PVC. This has greatly expanded the use of nitrile mbber in outdoor applications for hoses, belts, and cable jackets, where ozone resistance is necessary. 

A number of methods such as ultrasonics (137), radiation (138), and chemical techniques (139—141), including the use of polymer radicals, polymer ions, and organometaUic initiators, have been used to prepare acrylonitrile block copolymers (142). Block comonomers include styrene, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, 4-vinylpyridine, acryUc acid, and -butyl isocyanate. 

Fig. 1. Functional monomers used in acrylamide copolymers. Methacrylamidopropyltrim ethyl ammonium chloride [51410-72-1] (1), acryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chioride [44992-01-0] (2), methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride [50339-78-1] (3), /V,/V-dimethy1aminoethy1 methacrylate [2867-47-2] (4), /V,/V-dimethylaminopropy1 acryl amide [3845-76-9] (5), diallyl dimethyl amm onium chloride...

Copolymers of VF and a wide variety of other monomers have been prepared (6,41—48). The high energy of the propagating vinyl fluoride radical strongly influences the course of these polymerizations. VF incorporates well with other monomers that do not produce stable free radicals, such as ethylene and vinyl acetate, but is sparingly incorporated with more stable radicals such as acrylonitrile [107-13-1] and vinyl chloride. An Alfrey-Price value of 0.010 0.005 and an e value of 0.8 0.2 have been determined (49). The low value of is consistent with titde resonance stability and the e value is suggestive of an electron-rich monomer. 

Physical Stabilization Process. Cellulai polystyrene [9003-53-6] the outstanding example poly(vinyl chloride) [9002-86-2] copolymers of styrene and acrylonitrile (SAN copolymers [9003-54-7]) and polyethylene [9002-88-4] can be manufactured by this process. 

The combination of stmctural strength and flotation has stimulated the design of pleasure boats using a foamed-in-place polyurethane between thin skins of high tensUe strength (231). Other ceUular polymers that have been used in considerable quantities for buoyancy appHcations are those produced from polyethylene, poly(vinyl chloride), and certain types of mbber. The susceptibUity of polystyrene foams to attack by certain petroleum products that are likely to come in contact with boats led to the development of foams from copolymers of styrene and acrylonitrUe which are resistant to these materials... 

Types of internal enamel for food containers include oleoresins, vinyl, acryflc, phenoHc, and epoxy—phenoHc. Historically can lacquers were based on oleoresinous products. PhenoHc resins have limited flexibiHty and high bake requirements, but are used on three-piece cans where flexibiHty is not required. Vinyl coatings are based on copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate dissolved in ketonic solvents. These can be blended with alkyd, epoxy, and phenoHc resins to enhance performance. FlexibiHty allows them to be used for caps and closures as weU as drawn cans. Their principal disadvantage is high sensitivity to heat and retorting processes this restricts their appHcation to cans which are hot filled, and to beer and beverage products. 

Thermoform able sheet may be mono- or multilayer with the latter produced by lamination or coextmsion. Multilayers are employed to incorporate high oxygen-barrier materials between stmctural or high water-vapor barrier plastics. Both ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers and poly(vinyhdene chloride) (less often) are used as high oxygen-barrier interior layers with polystyrene or polypropylene as the stmctural layers, and polyolefin on the exterior for sealing. 

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