Maintenance equipment

122 Equipment Maintenance. Racks and barrels should be maintained so as not to introduce corrosion products (such as rust) into the solution. Corroded racks can also remove liquid from the bath by way of capillary action. 

Good equipment maintenance is important for safe, efficient operations. Equipment should be inspected and maintained regularly. Servicing schedules should be related to expected usage and the reliability of the equipment. Equipment awaiting repair or maintenance should be removed from service. 

Use systematic preventative maintenance techniques to keep all assist and moving equipment in proper working condition. 

Keeping equipment properly maintained is critical to safety. This section addresses the safety implications, how systems are maintained, and the periodicity of that maintenance, especially for safety-critical equipment. 

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This secondary reaction starts at about 180°C, but the mass must be heated to 350—400°C to bring the reaction to completion and produce a nitrate-free product. The off-gases are extremely corrosive and poisonous, and considerable attention and expense is required for equipment maintenance and caustic-wash absorption towers. Treatment of the alkaline wash Hquor for removal of mercury is required both for economic reasons and to comply with governmental regulations pertaining to mercury ia plant effluents. 

In prac tice, the existence of a tight cost-control system tends to spread a cost consciousness among the personnel involved in the project. Such an awareness, even in construction-equipment maintenance and job housekeeping, can lead to efficient cost control throughout. 

Equipment-maintenance reduction, as in filtration of engine-intake air or pyrites furnace-gas treatment prior to its entry to a contact sulfuric acid plant... 

NFPA 70B Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA. 

Has the facility established an effective critical-equipment maintenance program (also termed mechanical integrity program) to prevent failures that would cause hazardous conditions ... 

This chapter highlights and summarizes considerations dealing with expander subsystems, materials, manufacture, installation, component design, equipment maintenance and repair that might assist users in developing or evaluating turboexpander specifications. 

Combining the practice of preventive maintenance and total quality control and total employee involvement results in an innovative system for equipment maintenance that optimizes effectiveness, eliminates breakdowns, and promotes autonomous operator maintenance through day-to-day activities. This concept known as Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) was conceived by Seiichi Nakajima and is well-documented in his book Introduction of TPM and is highly recommended reading for all involved in the maintenance area. 

Reducing the temperature by 75-100°F dramatieally improves the thermal stability of packaging adhesives, resulting in significant cost savings for equipment maintenance, as well as greater worker safety. Such adhesives became possible with the availability of low MW EVA base polymers (MI of 800 and above). They rely on low MW refined paraffin wax and a blend of resins chosen for the specific application [67,68]. 

The standard requires suitable maintenance of equipment to ensure continuing process capability and to identity keg processes and provide appropriate resources for machine/equipment maintenance and develop an effective planned total preventive maintenance system. 

RAC publications include data summaries for specific component types, such as hybrid microcircuits, small, medium and large-scale integration digital devices, linear and interface devices, digital monolithic devices, and discrete semiconductors. In addition, there are reliability and equipment maintenance data books that provide the failure and repair time data on military electronic equipment by application such as subsystem. 

Although maintenance systems contain some of this information, engineering, purchasing, and operating department records may be required to find the remainder. Also, equipment maintenance records may be in several file locations since they are usually organized by components and component modules that may differ from equipment boundaries established for risk analysis. 

Electrical Hazards. If grounding and bonding systems are absent or inadequately maintained, or if electrical tool and equipment maintenance is... 

The most conuiion cause of fire accidents in process plants is equipment failure. Tliis is primarily a result of poor equipment maintenance or poor equipment layout and design. Maintenance perfonned according to a detailed and well structured schedule will significantly reduce tlie occurrence of fire accidents. Tlie second largest cause of fire accidents is ignorance of tlie properties of a specific chemical or chemical process. Proper training of employees will increase tlieir knowledge of tlie properties of a specific chemical and chemical process and can prevent many of tliese chemical fire accidents. 

Where small and/or single contaminant effluents are encountered, packaged treatment plants may be acceptable. Consideration should, however, be given to capital cost, payback period, reliability of equipment, maintenance, plant-life expectancy and contaminant-removal efficiencies. 

In educational laboratories, the consumption of supplies per student should be quite predictable for any given course. The cost of equipment maintenance and replacement, however, is often underestimated. Unfortunately, in a college budget system, the reward for saving money one year may be a reduced budget the following year. 

With electronic notebook studies, there will also be paper data to audit. This will include facility data (e.g., weather data, equipment maintenance records, storage temperature logs, personnel records, etc.) and study specific documents, such as faxes, e-mails, paper notes, etc. When paper data have been transcribed into the electronic notebook, they should be checked by QA to ensure accuracy. Any data that have been transcribed for whatever reason must be identified as such with the original raw data attached to them. QA should ensure that all paper data have adequate identification (e.g., study and trial numbers), that they are recorded per GLP, including dated signatures, and that all of the pertinent paper data or exact copies are sent to the Study Director for archiving. 

During the last decade many industrial processes shifted towards using solid acid catalysts (6). In contrast to liquid acids that possess well-defined acid properties, solid acids contain a variety of acid sites (7). Sohd acids are easily separated from the biodiesel product they need less equipment maintenance and form no polluting by-products. Therefore, to solve the problems associated with liquid catalysts, we propose their replacement with solid acids and develop a sustainable esterification process based on catalytic reactive distillation (8). The alternative of using solid acid catalysts in a reactive distillation process reduces the energy consumption and manufacturing pollution (i.e., less separation steps, no waste/salt streams). 

Low reagent consumption (environmental friendly) and equipment maintenance (long lasting capillary columns)... 

Equipment and supply centers Medical emergency response Medical monitoring activities Sanitary facilities Supply, maintenance, and repair of communications, respiratory, and sampling equipment Maintenance and repair of vehicles Replacement of expendable supplies Storage of monitoring equipment and supplies—storage may be here or in an on-site field laboratory... 

Figure 23-1 shows the hazards identification and risk assessment procedure. The procedure begins with a complete description of the process. This includes detailed PFD and P I diagrams, complete specifications on all equipment, maintenance records, operating procedures, and so forth. A hazard identification procedure is then selected (see Haz-ard Analysis subsection) to identify the hazards and their nature. This is followed by identification of all potential event sequences and potential incidents (scenarios) that can result in loss of control of energy or material. Next is an evaluation of both the consequences and the probability. The consequences are estimated by using source models (to describe the... 

The requirement for 38 percent online availability means an offline allowance of 62 percent of the time, which can be used for equipment maintenance and repairs. The required capacity factor of 38 percent sets a very low reliability requirement for the equipment and provides a margin for combined equipment failure rates within a processing line. 

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