Hazard causes

Electrostatic charges are also geaerated whea Hquids move ia coatact with other materials, Hquid or sofld, eg, duriag pumping of gasoliae. Serious iadustrial hazards caused by static ia chemical and related fields have been described (28), and a study of accidents ia the chemical iadustry revealed that 115 out of 1600 accideats, or 7%, were ascribed to static electricity (29) (see Plant safety). 

Safety air technology, including risk assessment, that minimizes damages and hazards caused by accidents, fire, and explosion... 

R. Grollier Baron, Hazards Caused by Trace Substances, Seventh International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, Taormina, Italy, May 4—8, 1992. 

Electrical accidents appear to be caused by any one or any combination of tlirec possible factors unsafe equipment, unsafe installation, or both workplaces made unsafe by the emiromiicnt and misafe work practices. Possible ways to protect people from the hazards caused by electricity include insulation, guarding, grounding, nieclnuiical devices, and safe work practices. These are detailed below. 

The most serious accident tliat Ciui occur in a nuclear plant is a reactor core meltdown. In a core meltdown, the enclosed gases physically melt through tlie reactor vessel, and once contacting with cooler liquids or vapors either in a cooling jacket or in the outer enviromnent, cause a physical e. plosion to occur. However, tlie hazard caused by the e. plosion itself is minimal and more localized compared with the release of radioactive material that accompanies such an accident. 

Where overfilling or leakage from the tank would contribute to a fire hazard, cause damage to property or contaminate drains or sewers, a bund wall should be constructed around the tank. This should be of brick or concrete with an oil-tight lining, and sealed to the concrete base under the tank supports. The capacity of the bunded area should be at least 10 per cent greater than that of the storage tanks contained within it. 

Corrosion, See also Chemical reaction hazards causes, 54 preveutiou, 55... 

The term flammable is now more commonly used in the technical literature than inflammable to describe materials that will burn, and will be used in this book. The hazard caused by a flammable material depends on a number of factors ... 

FIGURE 38 Lead coffin. Lead coffin (first—third centuries c.E.) from Jerusalem, Israel. Lead, widely used in many ancient civilizations, was one of the first metals to be recovered from its ores. Lead objects date back from as early as the seventh century b.c.e. In Mesopotamia molten lead was used to fasten bolts and shafts into masonry. In Syria it was made into rods used as currency, and in Greece it was cast into coins. During the Roman Empire the use of lead become so widespread that the health hazards caused by lead exposure are suspected to have been one of the factors affecting the fall of the Roman Empire. Since it is very resistant to corrosion, lead was also used by the Romans, for making coffins as the one illustrated. 

The results obtained with USEtox for China show that the situation is not risky concerning the hazards caused by the selected additives in this country. However, this is due to the fact that all the areas of land and fresh water in China have been taken into account whereas there is only a fraction of this area that is really affected, as well as that not all the population intakes the obtained fractions. 

Dining chlorination of hydrocarbons with Lewis acid catalysis, the catalyst must be premixed with the hydrocarbon before admission of chlorine. Addition of catalyst to the chlorine-hydrocarbon mixture is very hazardous, causing instantaneous release of large volumes of hydrogen chloride. 

Norseth, T. 1980. Cancer hazards caused by nickel and chromium exposure. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 6 1219-1227. 

Health hazards caused by chemicals are represented by the Toxic Exposure Subindex (ITox). hi the ISI the evaluation of toxic exposure is based on the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) because TLV data is readily available for most substances in process industry. TLV values express the harmful exposure limits of substances in the threshold time of 8 hours. The index value is higher, when the TLV is lower i.e. the substance is more toxic. It is important to use TLVs with same threshold time so that the results are comparable. Score limits in Table 13 are based on Mond Index (ICI, 1985). 

I-3.6.2 Electronic control, monitoring, and hydrogen gas measurement equipment shall be properly grounded and isolated from piping to help prevent overpressure/ accidental shutoff situations caused by equipment failure due to lightning strikes and electrical transients and to prevent safety hazards caused by fault currents. Electrical isolation equipment for corrosion control purposes should not be installed in buildings unless specifically designed to be used in combustible atmospheres. 

Because of the hazards caused by such explosive boiling incidents, industry has supported research programs seeking answers to several basic questions ... 

The Tier 2 testing assays are intended to confirm, characterize, and quantify effects for estrogen, androgen, and thyroid active substances. The EDSTAC selected Tier 2 to include the most sensitive developmental Ufestage, to identify the specific hazard caused by the chemical and establish a dose-response relationship, and to include a range of taxa. The Tier 2 screening assays under consideration by the US-EPA are summarized in Table 4.22. 

Exudation is very undesirable because ic is a fire hazard, causes corrosion of the shell and also causes cavitation in the charge... 

One interesting application is included to show how these testing techniques can be used to evaluate hazards caused by handling operations. The example presented here involves the use of methylene chloride or other chlorinated hydrocarbons, as solvent cleaners for transfer lines, processing equipment, etc. 

There are two types of hazards caused by static electricity while handling... 

Dimethy la mine and Derivatives Dimethylamine, (H3C)2NH, mw 45.08, N 31.07%. col gas at RT and liq at below 7°, sp gr 0.680 at 0°/4, fr p —92.2° extremely flammable and hazardous causes bums sol in w, ale eth. Can be prepd by passing a mixture of ammonia with vapors of methanol over a catalyst, such as silica gel. Has been used in agricultural herbicides and fungicides, synthetic textiles, fiber solvents, rubber vulcanizing accelerators and in missile fuels (Refs 1, 2, 4)... 

CAUTION Sulfuric acid is hazardous, causing severe bums, and must be handled and disposed of accordingly. See Safety Appendix (appendix2b). 

Ewers, U. and Nowak, D. (2006) Elealth hazards caused by emissions of laser printers and copiers Gefahrstoffe-Reinhaltung dtr Lufi, 66, 203-10. 

Owens, J., Spark ignition hazards caused by charge induction, Plant/Operations Progress, 7, No. 1, January 1988. 

The easiest way to approach such processes is for members of the study team to make themselves very familiar with the steps in the batch process so that it is clear that (for example) no flow might be the normal condition at step 1, but at step 5 it generates a series of hazardous causes and consequences. 

A major disadvantage of an undivided cell is the fire and explosion hazard caused by electrical sparking in the case of mixing finely dispersed H2 and 02 formed during the electrolysis of water. Weintraub et al. [159] utilized porous Fe anodes that are oxidized while air or oxygen is bubbled through the solution to separate oil-water emulsions. The overall process can be explained by the following sequence of reactions [160,161] ... 

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