Reagent consumption

Dispersants andfloeculants. These are important for the control of slimes that sometimes interfere with the selectivity and increase reagent consumption. For example, soda ash, lime sodium silicate, and lignin sulfonates are used as dispersants, and starch and polyacrylamide are used as flocculants. 

For example, if k2Jk2b = 5.0, then 97 percent of Ti will have been consumed by the time T2 is 50 percent consumed. Consider that the rate of formation of P is governed by these steps and not, for example, by a prior reaction in which I is formed. Then the kinetic analysis for product buildup, which determines k2a + k2b, coupled with the data on reagent consumption, will afford k2a and k2b. 

Major drivers for using micro-channel chip systems for chemical analysis are low reagent consumption, low energy consumption, high reliability, good robustness also in the hands of personnel not trained in analytical chemistry, and low maintenance requirements [30]. 

Other drivers are low reagent consumption, the use of small volumes and rapid process optimization, especially with regard to combinatorial synthesis. 

Low reagent consumption (environmental friendly) and equipment maintenance (long lasting capillary columns)... 

Increased contact angle and attachment force between particles and bubbles through tiny bubbles frosted on particle surfaces, and increased recovery of fine and coarse particles at reduced reagent consumption... 

Due to the statistical nature of split synthesis, an average 20 beads per member must be used to ensure that all library members are prepared successfully This requirement results in increased reagent consumption and extra effort in screening and structural determination. One of the most powerful aspects of the rf memory chips is the ability to perform automated sorting of library members. Thus a complete library may be prepared with each member synthesized only once... 

Because of their high separation capacity, short analysis time, low reagent consumption and simplicity, various electrophoretic methods have found application in the separation and quantitative determination of anthocyanins in various complex matrices [267].The different techniques used for the measurement of anthocyanins in beverages [268], the application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the analysis of natural food pigments [269], the use of CE for the determination of anthocyanins in foods [270] and in medicinal plants [271] have been previously reviewed. 

The retention data prove that the CZE method separates the pigments in a considerably shorter analysis time than HPLC does. It was supposed that the good separation capacity and low reagent consumption make CZE a valuable alternative to RP-HPLC [272],... 

Table 10.17 The comparison of reagent consumption plant production for OPCF and old flowsheet...

This chapter illustrates possible applications of capillary electrophoresis in impurity profiling. Due to the large peak capacity of the technique, it is extremely well suited to separate the main drug compound from its possible impurities that often have a very related chemical structure. Moreover, the high efficiencies obtained, as well as the low reagent consumption make it a viable alternative to liquid chromatography in many cases of drug analysis. 

The sample throughput in FIA is about twice that in CFA and the sample and reagent consumption are about half of those in CFA. 

The TRAACS 800+ shown in Fig. 2.18 consists of one or more analytical consoles, a random-access sampler and personal computer (PC). The analytical console is fitted with two peristaltic pumps which can each handle up to 10 pump tubes. The analytical manifolds are located above the pumps and utihze glass parts 1 mm in diameter, in order to keep reagent consumption low. Heating baths, UV digesters and dialysers can be built into the manifold. 

The system described above has been designed to increase laboratory productivity. It is claimed to have 30-70% lower reagent consumption titan macroflow or flow injection systems. It also provides reagent change-over facihties, wash-out and shut-down sequencing, when the option is fitted. 

The use of small columns such as microbore liquid chromatographic columns, requiring smaller sample size, and computer-controlled solvent delivery and collection systems should lead to the development of fully integrated and automated cleanup systems. Small sample sizes facilitate miniaturization of sample preparation procedures, which in turn brings several benefits including reduced solvent and reagent consumption, reduced processing time, less demand for bench space, and ease of automation. 

The performance of capillary electrophoresis, for the separation of biopolymers, is comparable to or better than that of HPLC. The basis for separation relies on the choice of an appropriate buffer to be adapted to the analysis. Although reproducibility is more difficult to control, mass sensitivity is relatively high a few thousand molecules can be detected. Sample quantity is very small and solvent and reagent consumption during an analysis is negligible (Fig. 8.10). 

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