Cost efficiency

Horizontal or multi-lateral wells can also be used to cost efficiently access remaining oil in mature fields. 

Minimization of the elastic behavior of the fluid at high deformation rates that are present when high molecular weight water-soluble polymers are used to obtain cost-efficient viscosities at low shear rates. 

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis. The system design activity usually emphasizes the attainment of performance objectives in a timely and cost-efficient fashion. The failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) procedure considers the system from a failure point of view to determine how the product might fail. The terms design failure mode and effects analysis (DFMEA) and failure mode effects and criticaUty analysis (EMECA) also are used. This EMEA technique is used to identify and eliminate potential failure modes early in the design cycle, and its success is well documented (3,4). 

Recycling is not the total answer to the soUd waste problem. However, efficiently operated recycling programs can easily divert 35% or more of municipal soUd waste away from disposal. Curbside coUection systems offer the opportunity to coUect the greatest amount of recyclables in the most cost-efficient manner. It is imperative that communities and recyclers operate programs that are glass-friendly and which result in color-separated, contaminant-free material. 

However, most recentiy, mixed metal stabilizers are being introduced into this area. Whereas some mixed metal stabilizers are used in rigid apphcations, it is difficult for these newer materials to compete with lead and tin based stabilizers on a cost/efficiency basis. These materials find their largest apphcations in flexible compounds, especially those requiring good stabihty to uv exposure. 

The additives found in PVC help make it one of the most versatile, cost-efficient materials in the wodd. Without additives, hterally hundreds of commonly... 

A cost-efficient synthesis of foHc acid via Schiff base formation is feasible only if 6-formylpterin (23) is readily available. This compound is prepared by the reaction of 2-bromomalondialdehyde dimethylacetal [59453-00-8] (25) with trianainopyrimidinone (10), followed by acetylation and cleavage of the acetal to give compound (23) in 51% overall yield (38). 

Residence Time. Eor cost efficiency, residence time in the reactor should be minimized, but long enough to achieve complete combustion. Typical residence times for various thermal processes are incineration (0.1 s to 1.5 h), catalytic incineration (1 s), pyrolysis (12—15 min), and wet air oxidation (10— 30 min) (15). 

The need for highly cost-efficient oxygen transfer in fermentations such as those with hydrocarbon feedstocks has led to air-hft fermenters as shown in Fig. 24-4. The worlds largest industrial fermenter was... 

The comparison of the obtained quantitative parameters of the methods evidences that HPLC method is better by its perceptibility. However, the chromatodensitometry method is more efficient by the indices of expressity, as far as in a routine analysis it makes it possible to conduct a greater amount of tests during the same period of time, as well as by the criterion cost -efficiency. 

Purchasing may be critical to quality, cost efficiency and safety of the service provided. Therefore evidence should be given that there is a written management policy or directive establishing quality criteria. 

There are four basic types of incinerators used in wastewater treatment plants. They are the multiple hearth incinerator, the fluid bed incinerator, the electric furnace, and the cyclonic furnace. Each system has it s own distinct method of incineration and while one may be more cost efficient, another may have more of an environmental impact. 

Example A ventilation system (Fig. 9.64) handling 20 mVs of air needs to heat the supply air from 10 °C to 20 C. Doubling the number of heat exchangers from one to two increases the heat-recovery efficiency from 50% to 75% and introduces an extra pressure drop of 300 Pa. As we can see from Table 9.19, this is probably a cost-efficient measure. 

Opportunities for time- or cost-efficiencies. If several of your company s facilities are concentrated in a relatively small geographic area, it may make sense to focus on them as a group, particularly under a com-pan)nvide approach. 

Although a plan for a city dii ided by a river may not be applicable to a desert city on a seismic fault, duplication can be an enemy of cost efficiency. Thus wherever possible, any emergency plans diat already exist in die community should be used as a starting point. Coinmunity groups diat may have developed such plans include civil defense organizadons, fire departments, die Red Cross, public health agencies, and local industry councils. Existing plans should be studied and their applicability to the proposed community plan evaluated. 

Performance data Rather than make available principally sales type of data, the architect should review realistic and understandable technical data. They should learn that the behavior of certain plastics provide for more cost-efficient products rather than just be contented with only past history on the materials of construction. 

A fuel cell is an electrochemical reactor with an anodic compartment for the fuel oxidation giving a proton and a cathodic compartment for the reaction of the proton with oxygen. Two scientific problems must be solved finding a low-cost efficient catalyst and finding a membrane for the separation of anodic and cathodic compartments. The membrane is a poly electrolyte allowing the transfer of hydrated proton but being barrier for the gases. 

Typical Reactor Design. Table 5.1 lists typical CVD production reactors which include cold-wall and hot-wall reactors operating at low or atmospheric pressures. The decision to use a given system should be made after giving due consideration to all the factors of cost, efficiency, production rate, ease of operation, and quality. 

Evolution in telescope making since the Palomar has not been limited to the area of optical production. The alt-azimuthal mount has become the established solution since the Bolshoi 6 m telescope, for its superior mechanical performance and the compact, cost-efficient enclosure design it allows. Better understanding of the properties of atmospheric turbulence allowed a more accurate characterization of a telescope properties, a more balanced approach towards specifications and error budgeting and a better understanding of the utmost importance of site selection. Any ground-based telescope of appreciable size will be primarily limited by the effect of atmospheric turbulence, not to mention the proportion of photometric nights allowed by weather conditions. 

It is faster and frequently also more cost-efficient than other approaches. 

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