Weather data

De.sign dry-bulb temperature. The typically selected value is the temperature which is equaled or exceedea 2 /4 percent of the time during the warmest consecutive 4 months. Since air temperatures at industrial sites are frequently higher than those used for these weather-data reports, it is good practice to add 1 to 3°C (2 to 6°F) to the tabulated value. 

Site Conditions. If the licensor s package is at the custom design stage, it is important to review the site conditions to be used in the calculations. Weather data is available for most proposed sites or at least for areas not far away. Decisions are necessary as to how to apply the weather data for example, w hether to use 95% or 99%... 

TOXIC, PUFF, SPILLS, INPUFF, AND INPUFF 2.0 Bowman Environmental Engineering P.O. Bo 29072 Dallas, TX 75229 (214) 241-1895 In ascending order of data complexity, these systems address toxic gas releases using models designed for each type of release, based on emission rate, facility characteristics and weather data. 

The PasquiU and Gifford approach described later, removes the need to concentrate on determining and Oy (refer to Figure 1) directly from weather data. In order to do this, Pasquill introduced the concept of the atmospheric stabihty class. 

The weather data are based on thousands of observations of wind speed, wind direction and atmospheric stability taken over the desired averaging interval at local weather bureau stations. 

In thermal building-dynamics simulation codes, outdoor conditions are mostly input by the so-called weather data file, containing (usually hourly) data for air temperature, wind speed and direction, air humidity, and global and diffuse solar radiation on horizontal surfaces. 

In order to run a dynamic simulation, weather data files are needed, providing (usually hourly) data on the following quantities air temperature, air humidity, ground temperature, global and diffuse irradiation on horizontal surfaces, and wind speed and direction. 

Weather data for a number of years should be assembled for each community being studied. Particular attention should be given to such natural disasters as hurricanes, earthquakes, and floods, which often can be predicted from meteorological data. In certain locations these catastrophic events must be assumed to be probable and this increases construction costs. E.xtremely cold weather often hampers process plant operation and requires special construction features to protect equipment from freezing. Predominantly warm weather permits cheaper construction but may also reduce the efllcicncy of the labor force. 

Weather data from Uie nearest available site may be inappropriate Hazard identification ... 

Other models (or combinations of them) are often employed when computers are used to analyze dispersal. These can give an acceptable degree of accuracy when combined with detailed weather data. Short-exposure modeling is the most difficult and is liable to the greatest degree of error. It is for this reason that such models are not accurate when dealing with odor nuisances. The problem of modeling odor dispersal is dealt with below. 

Our understanding of seasonal and interannual variation in global terrestrial vegetation dynamics is, however, very sketchy at present. Ecosystem respiration measurements have been made for various soil-vegetation types for variable lengths of time Relationships between ecosystem respiration and weather data have been derived from these data for four major biomes 88), However, additional systematic collection of field respiration measurements would be necessary for placing much confidence in such a relationship. 

Critical weather data are recorded during the application procedure. The data recorded should cover the following, but additional data may also be recorded as necessary. Within Europe, the scales in parentheses are normally applicable ... 

Other data such as light intensity, percentage cloud cover, and soil moisture may also be recorded. The use of meteorological equipment, which can measure critical climatic information such as wind speed (current, maximum and average), humidity, air temperature, and dew-forming point, is preferable in the field. Historic weather data in the form of 10-year averages must be reported and are required for comparison of the trial specific data with the normal weather data. 

Weather data at the test site, especially during the course of the study, should be provided for the Principal Investigator if available. Historical weather data are important to compare the current climate with previous years to establish that the current year s weather is not unusual or atypical. 

Weather station/ weather data requirements A On-site weather station is preferred and may be mandatory for certain studies. Minimally, a station must be located within 10 km of test site In certain cases, a weather station located within 10 km of the test site may be sufficient. If water balances are to be determined, an on-site weather station is necessary to measure, at a minimum, precipitation, solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity, and air temperature... 

Weather data requirements for water balance and mobility assessments... 

Portable weather stations are useful to have available at the field laboratory for acquiring weather data during the course of the worker exposure/re-entry study. There are a variety of portable weather stations available from a variety of suppliers. Weather data to be collected are rainfall, wind direction, wind speed, air temperature, and relative humidity. These electronic weather stations will record the necessary weather parameters on a routine basis. The data are stored and can be transferred to a laptop computer or disk as desired by the Field Scientist. Such portable electronic weather stations are useful during the course of the dislodgeable residue portion of a worker re-entry study when dislodgeable residue samples are taken from remote test sites over the course of a 30-day period. 

The importation of data from one electronic data system to another is improving. Some systems import weather data and sample chains of custody, such as shipping conditions, sample handling, etc., into the field raw data package. This allows for simplified reporting and tabulation. Data transmission over the Internet is improving and is already far superior to regular mail and even next-day delivery services. 

With electronic notebook studies, there will also be paper data to audit. This will include facility data (e.g., weather data, equipment maintenance records, storage temperature logs, personnel records, etc.) and study specific documents, such as faxes, e-mails, paper notes, etc. When paper data have been transcribed into the electronic notebook, they should be checked by QA to ensure accuracy. Any data that have been transcribed for whatever reason must be identified as such with the original raw data attached to them. QA should ensure that all paper data have adequate identification (e.g., study and trial numbers), that they are recorded per GLP, including dated signatures, and that all of the pertinent paper data or exact copies are sent to the Study Director for archiving. 

Performance data Two moisture monitoring systems were installed, one at Disposal Area A and one at Disposal Area AB plus in May and November 1999, respectively. Each monitoring system has two stacks of time domain reflectometry probes that measure soil moisture at 24-in. intervals to a maximum depth of 78 in., and a station for collecting weather data. Based on nearly 3 years of data, there is generally <5% change in the relative volumetric... 

Modeling The numerical model UNSAT-H was used to predict the annual and cumulative percolation through the cover. The model was calibrated with 12 months of soil moisture content and weather data. Following calibration, UNSAT-H predicted a cumulative percolation of 50 cm for the ET cover and 95 cm for a conventional cover over a 10-year period. The model predicted an annual percolation of approximately 0 cm for both covers during the first year. During years 3-10 of the simulation, the model predicted less annual percolation for the ET cover than for the conventional cover. 

Evaluated Weather Data for Cooling Equipment Design. Addendum No. 1. Winter and Summer Data, Fluor Products Company, Inc., 1964. 

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