Chondroitin sulfates sulfation

D17. DeLuca, S., Richmond, M. E., and Silbert, J. E., Biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate. Sulfation of the polysaccharide chain. Biochemistry 12, 3911-3915... 

Chondroitin sulfate Sulfated polysaccharide commonly found in cartilages,bone, corea, tendon, and skin. 

Metabolic Functions. Manganese is essential for normal body stmcture, reproduction, normal functioning of the central nervous system, and activation of numerous enzymes (126). Synthesis of the mucopolysaccharide chondroitin sulfate involves a series of reactions where manganese is required in at least five steps (127). These reactions are responsible for formation of polysaccharides and linkage between the polysaccharide and proteins that form... 

CS, chondroitin sulfate DS, dermatan sulfate HS, heparan sulfate (an analog of heparin) ... 

Danaparoid (Orgaran mean MW, 6,000 Da) is a mixture of nonheparin glycosaminoglycans derived from pig gut (dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate). Die anti-Xa/anti-IIa ratio (22 1) is even greater than seen with LMWH. Die anti-IIa effect may be mediated in part by dermatan sulfate, which catalyzes thrombin inhibition by heparin cofactor II. 

Chondroitin Chondroitin sulfate, chondroitin sulfuric acid, chonsurid Arthritis None significant if used as directed Because chondroitin is concentrated in cartilage, theoretically it produces no toxic or teratogenic effects. 

Chitosan freeze-dried fleeces support chondrocyte attachment and synthesis of extracellular matrix [344]. Chitosan was used to assist the spontaneous tissue repair of the meniscus [345]. The repair of the cartilage and the prevention of its degradation in osteoarthritis is, however, possible with the association of glucosamine sulfate salt and chondroitine sulfate, the latter being particularly effective [346]. 

Proteoglycans linked to chondroitin sulfate by the Xyl-Ser O-glycosidic bond are prominent components of cartilage (see below). The repeating disaccharide is similar to that found in hyaluronic acid, containing... 

As shown in Figure 48-8, the keratan sulfates consist of repeating Gal-GlcNAc disaccharide units containing sulfate attached to the 6 position of GlcNAc or occasionally of Gal. Type 1 is abundant in cornea, and type II is found along with chondroitin sulfate attached to hyaluronic acid in loose connective tissue. Types I and II have different attachments to protein (Figure 48—8). 

This substance is widely distributed in animal tissues. Its structure is similar to that of chondroitin sulfate, ex-... 

Chondroitin sulfates are located at sites of calcification in endochondral bone and are also found in cartilage. They are also located inside certain neurons and may provide an endoskeletal structure, helping to maintain their shape. 

The intima of the arterial wall contains hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Of these proteoglycans, dermatan sulfate binds plasma low-density lipoproteins. In addition, dermatan sulfate appears to be the major GAG synthesized by arterial smooth muscle cells. Because it is these cells that profiferate in atherosclerotic lesions in arteries, dermatan sulfate may play an important role in development of the atherosclerotic plaque. 

In various types of arthritis, proteoglycans may act as autoantigens, thus contributing to the pathologic feamres of these conditions. The amount of chondroitin sulfate in cartilage diminishes with age, whereas the amounts of keratan sulfate and hyaluronic acid increase. These changes may contribute to the development of osteoarthritis. Changes in the amounts of cer-... 

CS-PG, chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan these are similar to the dermatan sulfate PGs (DS-PGs) of cartilage ffable 48-11). SPARC, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine. 

Positive- and negative-ion f.a.b. spectra of sulfated di-, tetra-, and hexa-saccharides from chondroitin sulfate have been reported. The spectra are characterized by multiple molecular-ions containing varying numbers of counter-cations to the sulfate and carboxylate anions, plus fragment ions... 

Danaparoid sodium Prepared from animal gut mucosa contains heparin sulfate (84%), dermatan sulfate (12%), and chondroitin sulfate (4%)... 

The activation of a chemokine receptor is more complex than the traditional agonist-receptor paradigm. For example, chemokine activity is mediated by GAGs (heparin, heparan, and heparin sulfate chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate) at various sites during the chemotactic process. Chemokines released by tissue injury, infection, or inflammation activate adjacent endothelial cells and induce rolling and extravasation of leukocytes. These interactions between... 

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