Chondroitin sulfate activity

Chondroitin sulfates activate ECM-degrading enzymes, such as MMPs, and are therefore involved in the degradation of aggrecan by MMP-2 (30,31), MMP-13... 

Metabolic Functions. Manganese is essential for normal body stmcture, reproduction, normal functioning of the central nervous system, and activation of numerous enzymes (126). Synthesis of the mucopolysaccharide chondroitin sulfate involves a series of reactions where manganese is required in at least five steps (127). These reactions are responsible for formation of polysaccharides and linkage between the polysaccharide and proteins that form... 

The activation of a chemokine receptor is more complex than the traditional agonist-receptor paradigm. For example, chemokine activity is mediated by GAGs (heparin, heparan, and heparin sulfate chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate) at various sites during the chemotactic process. Chemokines released by tissue injury, infection, or inflammation activate adjacent endothelial cells and induce rolling and extravasation of leukocytes. These interactions between... 

CSPG chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans GAP GTPase-activating protein... 

Specihc poly anions such as dextran sulfate (DS) appear to exhibit strong anti-HIV activity in vitro [36,37]. Human oral administration of DS is poorly absorbed, but intravaneous administration does result in increased plasma lipolytic activity [38]. Poly anions that have been considered for intravaginal anti-HIV activity include DS, carrageenan, heparin, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, pentosan polysulfate, fucoidan chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and PAVAS [21,22,39,40],... 

Saettone et al. [62] evaluated low viseosity polymers (polygalacturonic acid, hyaluronic acid, carboxymethylamylose, carboxymethylchitin, chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate, and mesoglyean) as potential mucoadhesive carriers for cyclopentolate and pilocarpine in a study of their influence on miotic activity in rabbits. Small but significant increases in bioavailability were observed and a correlation was foimd between the bioavailability of the two drugs and the mucoadhesive bond strength of the polymers investigated. 

T Maruyama, T Toida, T Imanari, G Yu, RJ Linhardt. Conformational changes and anticoagulant activity of chondroitin sulfate following its O-sulfonation. Carbohydr Res 306 35-43, 1998. 

VD Nadkami, T Toida, CL Van Gorp, TL Schubert, JM Weiler, KP Hanse, EEO Caldwell, RJ Linhardt. Preparation and biological activity of N-sulfated chondroitin sulfate derivatives. Carbohydr Res 290 87—96, 1996. 

Enzymic transfer of D-xylose from uridine 5 -(D-xylopyranosyI-HC pyrophosphate) to L-serine residues of endogenous protein acceptors from (a) a cell tumor of the mouse188 and (b) chick-embryo cartilage189 occurs in cell-free extracts of both of these tissues, in the absence of biosynthesis of protein. The enzyme preparations employed were from the supernatant liquor, although activity was also present in the insoluble fractions. In these two types of tissue, the acceptors are heparin and chondroitin sulfate, respectively, but the presence of other D-xylose-containing glycoproteins in ascites fluid from... 

Andoniades, S. E., Schenone, M., Recondo, E. F., and Fernandez De Recondo, M. E. (2002). Influence of the degree of sulfation in the biological activity of dermatan sulate and chondroitin sulfate C. Anal. Asco. Quimica Argentina 90, 21-26. 

Moyano, J. V., Carnemolla, B., Albar, J. P., Leprini, A., Gaggerol, B., Zardi, L., and Garcia-Pardo, A. (1999). Cooperative role for activated a4pl integrin and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in cell adhesion to the heparin III domain of fibronectin. ]. Biol. Chem. 274, 135-142. 

Xu, . X., Jin, H, Chung, Y. S., Shin, J. Y., Lee, . H., Beck, G. R., Palmos, G. N., Choi, B. D., and Cho, M. H. (2008a). Chondroitin sulfate extracted from ascidian tunic inhibits phorbol ester-induced expression of inflammatory factors VCAM-1 and COX-2 by blocking NF- activation in mouse skin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 9667-9675. 

In sulfation, substitution of polymeric chondroitin and chondroitin sulfates A and C by a hen-oviduct preparation has been described. The sulfate donor is adenylyl sulfate 3 -phosphate and a non-sulfated 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactosyl residue positioned internally in the polymer chain can be substituted.230 Evidence has been presented for another activity (from quail oviduct) that sulfates carbon atom 6 of a 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactosyl 4-C-sulfate group at the nonreducing end of the chain, giving the 4,6-di-C-sulfate.231... 

Manganese is essential for the synthesis of chondroitin sulfate, a mucopolysaccharide which is an important component of bone cartilage. Manganese is also required to activate enzymes involved in the synthesis of polysaccharides and... 

It comes as no great surprise that trace elements may affect the growth and development of bone. Trace element deficiences profoundly alter hone metabolism in animals either directly or indirectly (3). The absence of a trace element in the diet can lead to inefficient functioning of a specific enzyme or enzymes that require the transition element as a cofactor. An example of this is the role of Cu and iron (Fe) in the cross-linking of collagen and elastins (4-9). The participation of Mn in the biosynthesis of mucopolysaccharides (10-12) is another example. Zn deficiency causes a reduction in osteoblastic activity, collagen and chondroitin sulfate synthesis and alkaline phosphatase activity (13-16). 

Koprivica V, et al. EGFR activation mediates inhibition of axon regeneration by myelin and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. 

Fig. 6.11 Linker glycan for chondroitin sulfate synthesis. In the Golgi, the serine residue -OH group on a protein activates a specific synthetase in the Golgi membrane to transfer UDP-xylose. UDP is lost in making the attachment shown. UDP-activated galactose and glucuronate are then added by other synthetases before chondroitin sulfate synthetase is activated each donor loses its UDP unlike hyaluronan synthesis. Keratan sulfate is added different linker glycans (Adapted from Fig. 19-39 in The Molecular Biology of the Cell. B. Alberts et al., 4th Ed. 2002. Garland Science, Taylor Francis Group, New York)...

Other agents which have shown activity in experimental animals include phenyramidol which appears to inhibit hepatic microsomal enzymes, o-benzoylthlamine disulfide," a series of pyrimidine-5-acetic acid derivatives, " the antifertility agent and chondroitin sulfate A," which... 

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