Chondroitin sulfate levels

Through the combined approach of l.c. and the sequential applications of specific glycosaminoglycan-lyases, it is possible to determine the levels of several different glycosaminoglycans in the same tissue-sample. Thus, Gurr and coworkers demonstrated that hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate... 

In an adult, HA levels rapidly reach a maximum and then drop rapidly,107-109 reminiscent of the stages in embryology. Decreasing HA levels are followed by increasing amounts of chondroitin sulfate, the appearance of fibroblasts and then deposition of a collagen-rich ECM. In an adult, wound healing often results in scar formation. 

It is well known that dietary fat is not absorbed from the intestine unless it has been subjected to the action of pancreatic lipase [1], Previously, we found that basic proteins such as protamines, histones and purothionine inhibited the hydrolysis of triolein emulsified with phosphatidylcholine [2], The inhibition of hydrolysis of dietary fat may cause a decrease or delay in the intestinal absorption of fat and reduce blood chylomicron levels, an excess of which is known to induce obesity [3], Therefore, there was a possibility that inhibitory substances toward pancreatic lipase activity may prevent the onset of obesity induced by feeding a high fat diet to mice. Recently, we found that natural products such as tea saponin, platycodi radix saponin, chitin-chitosan and chondroitin sulfate inhibited the pancreatic lipase activity. In the following section, the anti-obesity effects of these natural products will be described in detail. 

Fig. (16) Effects of chondroitin sulfate on rat plasma triacylglycerol levels after oral administration of lipid emulsion. Each point represents the means + s.e.m. of 10 rats. p<0.05, significantly different from lipid emulsion alone-treated group.

The keratan and chondroitin/dermatan sulfate levels in normal human corneas and corneas affected by macular corneal dystrophies types I and II were compared (10). The results revealed that the keratan sulfate chain size was reduced and chain sulfation was absent in type I, and that sulfation of both GlcNAc and Gal was significantly reduced in type II. The chondroitin/dermatan sulfate chain sizes were also decreased in all diseased corneas, and the contents of 4- and... 

In breast cancer cells, increased numbers of chondroitin sulfate chains linked to P-selectin enhanced the attachment of cancer cells to vascular endothelial cells forcing tissue invasion of tumor cells (36). Increased levels of chondroitin sulfates were also found in melanoma (37) and ovarian carcinoma (38) and enhanced the mitogenic effect of platelet-derived growth factor-BB on fibrosarcoma cells (39). Chondroitin sulfates have a role in tissue remodeling, tumor progression, and metastasis (40). 

Some investigations have been made of the glyctwaminoglycans in sera in clinical conditions, and the presence of hyaluronic acid in sera from several pathological conditions has been reported (D19, D20). The levels of glycosaminoglycan are increased in serum in exophthalmos (W14), and they also increase with the progress of serum bilharziasis (K24). Hyaluronic acid is manifest in sera from cases of reticulum cell sarcoma and neuroblastoma (D19). Determination of [ Sjsulfate incorporation into the leukocyte cellular fraction may help to differentiate between acute granulocytic and acute lymphocytic leukemia (L7) in the latter no incorporation into chondroitin sulfate occurs in vUro whereas in the former appreciable incorporation occurs in vitro. 

The urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans by juvenile cases of vitamin A deficiency and of protein-calorie malnutrition (kwashiorkor) is less than normal (M41). The predominant differences are the absence of hyaluronic acid and the presence of chondroitin sulfate of low sulfate content (C12). Treatment of the cases with vitamin A deficiency restored the glycosaminoglycan spectrum to normal. Decreased urinary glycosaminoglycan levels have also been noted in primary hepatoma (K6). It has been suggested that the urinary excretion pattern of individual glycosaminoglycans is pathognomic of certain hereditary bone diseases (T3). 

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