Anti- Chondroitin sulfate

Figure 2. Chondroitin sulfate chains covalently attach to a core protein via a carbohydrate linkage region. The native chondroitin sulfate epitopes for various anti-chondroitin sulfate monoclonal antibodies have been mapped to different regions of the chondroitin sulfate chains of embryonic chick aggrecan. The native 3B3 epitope [12, 48] appears at the non-reducing terminus. Interior domains contain epitopes for antibodies 4D3I6C3/CS-56 [62]. Epitopes for antibodies 4C3j7D4 are located adjacent to the linkage region [25, 62]. Figure modified from [62].

Danaparoid (Orgaran mean MW, 6,000 Da) is a mixture of nonheparin glycosaminoglycans derived from pig gut (dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate). Die anti-Xa/anti-IIa ratio (22 1) is even greater than seen with LMWH. Die anti-IIa effect may be mediated in part by dermatan sulfate, which catalyzes thrombin inhibition by heparin cofactor II. 

Specihc poly anions such as dextran sulfate (DS) appear to exhibit strong anti-HIV activity in vitro [36,37]. Human oral administration of DS is poorly absorbed, but intravaneous administration does result in increased plasma lipolytic activity [38]. Poly anions that have been considered for intravaginal anti-HIV activity include DS, carrageenan, heparin, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, pentosan polysulfate, fucoidan chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and PAVAS [21,22,39,40],... 

Dalteparin, tinzaparin and danaparoid (an LMW heparanoid containing heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate that is no longer available in the United States), on the other hand, are specified in anti-factor Xa units. 

This is strongly linked to proteoglycans and mucopolysaccharides, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin sulfate. Silidon plays an important role in skin healing and is essential in anti-aging treatments. 

Capsules containing D-glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are available over the cormter, and many sufferers of osteoarthritis prefer to take this nutritional supplement as an alternative to any nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), such as ibuprofen. Although NSAID can reduce inflammation and pain, long-term use of NSAID can result in stomach ulcers, damage to auditory nerves, and kidney damage. 

It is well known that dietary fat is not absorbed from the intestine unless it has been subjected to the action of pancreatic lipase [1], Previously, we found that basic proteins such as protamines, histones and purothionine inhibited the hydrolysis of triolein emulsified with phosphatidylcholine [2], The inhibition of hydrolysis of dietary fat may cause a decrease or delay in the intestinal absorption of fat and reduce blood chylomicron levels, an excess of which is known to induce obesity [3], Therefore, there was a possibility that inhibitory substances toward pancreatic lipase activity may prevent the onset of obesity induced by feeding a high fat diet to mice. Recently, we found that natural products such as tea saponin, platycodi radix saponin, chitin-chitosan and chondroitin sulfate inhibited the pancreatic lipase activity. In the following section, the anti-obesity effects of these natural products will be described in detail. 

Chondroitin sulfate anti-inflammatory agent, cosmetics Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) extract Bisabolol Lactoyl methylsilanol elastinate Rosmarinic acid... 

Skeletal growth in acromegaly cannot simply be explained by an anti-insulinic effect, stimulation of lipolysis, or stimulation of protein synthesis because cartilage formation requires that collagen (conversion of protein to hydroxyproline) and cartilage (synthesis of chondroitin sulfate) be formed. Acromegalic serum... 

DWA-2 chondroitin sulfate A and C hybrid. 64,000 anti-complementary activity Cervus nippon Temminck, pilose antler 1992 [47]... 

It is still not clear what the actions are of ehondroitin sulfate when taken as a nutritional supplement. Purported effects are the promotion and maintenanee of the structure and function of cartilage in the joints of the body. It has also been reported that chondroitin sulfate has anti-inflammatory and pain rehef effects. The biochemistry has been known for some time. Chondroitin sulfate is a GAG, previously described in the glucosamine mechanisms. It is essential for the structure and function of articular cartilage and provides the same properties as hyaluronic acid. While intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid have been shown to relieve joint pain and improve mobihty, the same has not yet been demonstrated for chondroitin sulfate. It is speculated that oral ingestion of chondroitin sulfate may lead to an increase in hyaluronic acid. Thus, cartilage breakdown would be inhibited. ... 

A meta-analysis of chondroitin sulfate supplementation found 16 publications that fit criteria for inclusion. Criteria included types of joint involvement smdied, study designs, numbers of patients emolled, and pain index variables analyzed.It was concluded that chondroitin sulfate may be useful in osteoarthritis treatment however, results of the published smdies were clouded by concomitant use of analgesics or NSAIDs, thus making conclusions about benefits difficult. Some have suggested that it can be used as an anti-inilammatory without dangerous effects on the stomach, platelets, and kidneys. ... 

Ronca, E, Palmieri, L., Panicucci, R, and Ronca, G., Anti-inflammatory activity of chondroitin sulfate. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 6 (Suppl. A), 14, 1998. 

Chondroitin sulfates extracted from the tunics of several species of South Korean ascidians have been studied for their anti-inflammatory activity (Xu et al, 2008). 

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