Heparin sulfates

Heparin (from pig intestinal mucosa) [9005-49-6] Mr -3,000, amorphous, [a]p - + 55° (H2O). Most likely contaminants are mucopolysaccharides including heparin sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Purified by pptn with cetylpyridinium chloride from saturated solutions of high ionic strength. [Cifonelli and Roden Biochem Prep 12 12 1968.]... 

Heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are heavily glycosylated proteins that are part of the extracellular matrix. Interaction with HSPGs help to stabilize and localize extracellular Wnts. 

Heparin Sulfate Proteoglycans Hepatic Lipase Hepatitis Hepatitis C Heptahelical Domain Heptahelical Receptors HERG-channels Heterologous Desensitization Heterologous Expression System Heterotrimeric G-Proteins Hidden Markov Model High-density Lipoprotein (HDL)... 

Danaparoid sodium Prepared from animal gut mucosa contains heparin sulfate (84%), dermatan sulfate (12%), and chondroitin sulfate (4%)... 

The activation of a chemokine receptor is more complex than the traditional agonist-receptor paradigm. For example, chemokine activity is mediated by GAGs (heparin, heparan, and heparin sulfate chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate) at various sites during the chemotactic process. Chemokines released by tissue injury, infection, or inflammation activate adjacent endothelial cells and induce rolling and extravasation of leukocytes. These interactions between... 

Fig. 19 Structures of glycosaminoglycans (A) chondroitin-4-sulfate (B) heparin sulfate (C) dermatin sulfate (D) hyaluronic acid (E) chondroitin-6-sulfate (F) keratin sulfate. 

Aldurazyme (tradename, also known as laronidase) is a recombinant version of one polymorphic variant of the human enzyme a-L-iduronidase. It was approved for general medical use in the USA in 2003 and is indicated for the treatment of patients with certain forms of the rare inherited disease MPS I. MPS I is caused by a deficiency of a lysosomal a-L-iduronidase, which normally catalyses the hydrolysis of terminal a-L-iduronic acid residues from the glycosaminoglycans dermatan sulfate and heparin sulfate. The deficiency results in accumulation of the glycosaminoglycans throughout the body, causing widespread cell and tissue dysfunction. 

Jyothirmayi, G.N., Alluru, I., and Reddi, A.S. 1996. Doxazosin prevents proteinuria and glomerular loss of heparin sulfate in diabetic rats. Hypertension. 27 1108. 

The syndecan family of heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) plays critical roles in several signal transduction pathways, and syndecan 3 intramembrane proteolysis is presenilin/y-secretase dependent (357). COX2 and COXl potentiate ABP formation through mechanisms that involve y-secretase activity. Sulindac sulfide and other NSAIDs (ibuprofen, indomethacin, R-flurbiprofen) selectively decrease the secretion of ABP independently of COX activity, probably via y-secretase inhibition (358-360). Pepstatin A methylester, sulfonamides, and benzodiazepines can also act as potent, noncompetitive, y-secretase inhibitors (335). These are but a few examples of the potential repercussions and biochemical consequences that the pharmacological manipulation of secretases in AD may bring about. 

LMWH is available for subcutaneous administration as enoxaparin (Lovenox), dalteparin (Fragmin), ardeparin (Normiflo), and tinzaparin (Innohep). Dana-paroid (Orgar an), a heparinoid composed of heparin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate, has greater factor Xa specificity than LMWH. Bleeding due to danaparoid is not reversed by protamine. 

Histamine is synthesized from the amino acid histidine by an action of the enzyme histidine decarboxylase (Fig. 38.1). Following synthesis, histamine is either rapidly inactivated or stored in the secretory granules of mast cells and basophils as an inactive complex with proteases and heparin sulfate or chondroitin sulfate. 

Hovingh, P. and Linker, A. (1982). An unusual heparin sulfate isolated from lobsters (Homarus americanus).. Biol. Chem. 16, 9840-9844. 

Mourao, P. A. and Pereira, M. S. (1999). Searching for alternatives to heparin Sulfated fucans from marine invertebrates. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 9, 225-232. 

While esters of sulfuric acid do not play as central a role in metabolism as do phosphate esters, they occur widely. Both oxygen esters (R-0-S03 , often referred to as O-sulfates) and derivatives of sulfamic acid (R-NH-SOg, N-suIfates) are found, the latter occurring in mucopolysaccharides such as heparin. Sulfate esters of mucopolysaccharides and of steroids are ubiquitous and sulfation is the most abundant known modification of tyrosine side chains. Choline sulfate and ascorbic acid 2-sulfate are also found in cells. Sulfate esters of phenols and many other organic sulfates are present in urine. 

S100A8/S100A9 seem to bind and activate various surface receptors such as heparin sulfate proteoglycans (Srikrishna et al., 2001), CD36 (Kerkhoff et al., 2001), and RAGE (Hermani et al., 2006). 

AAV2 and its helper viruses like HSV, AAY2 interacts with the cell surface via heparin sulfate, and AAV internalization is mediated by aV/ 5 integrin, which is also required by adenovirus for uptake. Serotypes other than AAV2 exhibit different tropisms and interact with different cell surface molecules. Some of the cell surface receptors have been identified for AAV3 (HSPG Rabinowitz et al.,... 

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