Containing Hyaluronic Acid

The intima of the arterial wall contains hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Of these proteoglycans, dermatan sulfate binds plasma low-density lipoproteins. In addition, dermatan sulfate appears to be the major GAG synthesized by arterial smooth muscle cells. Because it is these cells that profiferate in atherosclerotic lesions in arteries, dermatan sulfate may play an important role in development of the atherosclerotic plaque. 

Ogston, A.G. (1962). Some thermodynamic relationships in ternary systems, with special reference to the properties of systems containing hyaluronic acid and protein. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Supplement 1, 39-51. 

Fetal pig epidermis contains hyaluronic acid and chondroitin 4-sulfate containing mucopolysaccharide (S15) as does human epidermis (M13), and some of the enzymes of uronic acid metabolism are present in human epidermis (F24). Also Barker et al. (B6) have shown uptake of radioactive sulfate into epidermis, and Braun-Falco et al. (B33) have shown that psoriatic epidermis is more active than normal epidermis in accumulating radioactive sulfate in vitro. There is also a suggestion that methionine sulfur may be preferentially accumulated in psoriatic lesions (B26, L6). There seems to be little doubt, therefore, that mucopolysaccharides are formed, and there is some suggestion that they may be formed in greater amounts in psoriatic skin lesions. The next section will consider the possibility that they are of importance in the cell membrane and intercellular contact. 

Matsuno H, Yudoh K, Hashimoto M, Himeda Y, Miyoshi T, Yoshida K, Kano S. Antibiotic-containing hyaluronic acid gel as an antibacterial carrier usefulness of sponge and film-formed HA gel in deep infection. J Orthop Res 2006 24 321-326. 

Digestion of equine gastric mucosa with proteolytic enzymes releases hyaluronic acid, chondroitin 4- and 6-sulphate, and dermatan sulphate. This pattern of glycosaminoglycans differs from that found in pig mucosa, which contains heparin, dermatan sulphate, and chondroitin 4-sulphate, and in dog mucosa which contains hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulphate. 

Fig. 2. Comparative picture of Healon 5 (left) and Healon (right) suggests a difference in physicochemical and rheological properties of these two OVD both containing hyaluronic acid...

Dubois J, Marchal A. Cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition containing hyaluronic acid 2008. Patent EP 1884231 Al. 

Doillon, C.J., Silver, RH. and Berg, R.A. (1987) Ribroblast growth on a porous collagen sponge containing hyaluronic acid and fibronectin. Bioinaterials, 8, 195-200. 

Using the technology of solid-state modification of polysaccharides that included the mutual action of super-high pressure and shear deformation, a group of Russian scientists have produced a number of unique products that contain hyaluronic acid. The new products could be considered drug-free (or non-drug) macromolecular therapeutics. These areas of research have made possible a broad range of new products based on the modified hyaluronan and could be used in the various fields of medicine. 

Self-diffusion coefficients have been measured for Na+, Ca +, and Sr + cations associated with a preparation of chondroitin 6-sulphate that also contained hyaluronic acid. These studies have implications for the transport of cations in connective tissues. 

Correia, C.R., Moreira-Teixeira, L.S., Moroni, L., Reis, R.L., van Blitterswijk, C.A., Karperien, M., Mano, J.F., 2011. Chitosan scaffolds containing hyaluronic acid for cartilage tissue... 

The second type of material includes spores, which may or may not produce disease symptoms but which can germinate in the insect gut and give rise to vegetative bacterial cells which in turn may produce, and exoenzymes such as phospholipases (lecithinases) or hyaluronidase. The phospholipases may produce direct toxic symptoms owing to their action on nervous or other phospholipid-containing tissue. Hyaluronidase breaks down hyaluronic acid and produces effects on animal tissue which are morphologically similar to the breakdown of insect gut wall in the presence of microbial insecticide preparations. 

The amino sugars include D-glucosamine, a constiment of hyaluronic acid (Figure 13-10), D-galactosamine (chondrosamine), a constituent of chondroitin and D-mannosamine. Several antibiotics (eg, erythromycin) contain amino sugars believed to be important for their antibiotic activity. 

Hyaluronic acid consists of an unbranched chain of repeating disaccharide units containing GlcUA and GlcNAc. Hyaluronic acid is present in bacteria and is widely distributed among various animals and tissues, including synovial fluid, the vitreous body of the eye, cartilage, and loose connective tissues. 

Proteoglycans linked to chondroitin sulfate by the Xyl-Ser O-glycosidic bond are prominent components of cartilage (see below). The repeating disaccharide is similar to that found in hyaluronic acid, containing... 

As shown in Figure 48-8, the keratan sulfates consist of repeating Gal-GlcNAc disaccharide units containing sulfate attached to the 6 position of GlcNAc or occasionally of Gal. Type 1 is abundant in cornea, and type II is found along with chondroitin sulfate attached to hyaluronic acid in loose connective tissue. Types I and II have different attachments to protein (Figure 48—8). 

The benzyl ester of hyaluronic acid (HYAFF 11) is a highly mucoadhesive polymer which can be processed into microspheres. Such microspheres containing salmon calcitonin were intravaginally administered to rats as a dosage form for the prevention of ovariectomy osteopenia [65]. In recent studies, HYAFF 11-salmon calcitonin microspheres were formulated as single-dose pessaries, resulting in sustained plasma concentrations of calcitonin [67]. 

More complex polysaccharides play important roles in connective tissues and elsewhere. For example, hyaluronic acid is universally present in connective tissues of animals, as well as in their vitreous and synovial fluids. It helps to provide the fluids present in joints with shock-absorbing and lubricating properties. Unlike cellulose, chitin, starch, and glycogen, hyaluronic acid contains two different monomers glucose and N-acetylglucosamine alternate in the structure. Thus, hyaluronic acid is a regular alternating copolymer ABABABA —... 

The dermis contains several types of cells, including fibroblasts, fat cells, macrophages, histiocytes, mast cells, and cells associated with the blood vessels and nerves of the skin. The predominant cell is the fibroblast, which is associated with biosynthesis of the fibrous proteins and ground substances such as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfates, and mucopolysaccharides. 

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