Cartilage and bone

Keywords Chitosan Nanoparticles Microspheres Chemically modified chitosans Polyelectrolyte complexes Oral and nasal administration Nerve, cartilage and bone regeneration Wound dressing... 

Lucas, P. A., Laurencin, C., Syftestad, G. T., Domb, A., Goldberg, V. M., Caplan, A. I., and Langer, R., Ectopic induction of cartilage and bone by water-soluble proteins from bovine bone using a polyanhydride delivery vehicle, J. Control. Rel. In Press. 

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affects 1% of the US population, or 3 million people (1-3). Although women are 2.5 times more likely to get RA than men, some studies suggest the disease tends to be more severe in men. RA can affect people of all ages, but prevalence increases with age, approaching 5% in women over 55 years of age (1-3). RA is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by synovial inflammation and hyperplasia, neovascularization, and progressive destruction of cartilage and bone (1,4,5). The cause(s) of RA remains poorly... 

Joosten LA, Lubberts E, Helsen MM, et al. Protection against cartilage and bone destruction by systemic interleukin-4 treatment in established murine type II collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Res 1999 1(1) 81—91. 

TGF-Ps are pleiotrophic cytokines. They are capable of inhibiting the cell cycle and, hence, cell growth of several cell types, most notably epithelial and haematopoietic cells. These factors, however, stimulate the growth of other cell types, most notably cells that give rise to connective tissue, cartilage and bone. They induce the synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins and modulate the expression of matrix proteases. They also serve as a powerful chemoattractant for monocytes... 

Misawa, M., J. Doull, and E.M. Uyeki. 1982. Teratogenic effects of cholinergic insecticides in chick embryo-T. III. Development of cartilage and bone. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 10 551-563. 

Tetracyclines should be avoided because of teratogenic effects, and sulfonamides should not be administered during the third trimester because of the possible development ofkernicterus and hyperbilirubinemia. Also, the fluoroquinolones should not be given because of their potential to inhibit cartilage and bone development in the newborn. 

N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfate Abbreviated to GalNAc4S Cartilage and bone... 

Penicillamine is an analog of cysteine. Only the d-isomer is used. In patients with progressive rheumatoid arthritis which is refractory to treatment with gold compounds it may retard progression of articular cartilage and bone destruction. For these effects to become apparent a latency period of 3 4 month often is needed. Its mechanism is unknown but it supposedly interferes with the synthesis of DNA, collagen and mucopolysaccharides. 

Kimmel CA, Trammell C (1981) A rapid procedure for routine double staining of cartilage and bone in fetal and adult animals. Stain Technol 56 271-273... 

Inouye M (1976) Differential staining of cartilage and bone in fetal mouse skeleton by alcian blue and alizarin red S. Cong Anom 16 171-173... 

Peters PWJ (1977) Double staining of fetal skeletons for cartilage and bone. In Neubert D, Merker HJ, Kwasigroch TE (eds) Methods in prenatal toxicology. George Thieme, Smttgart, pp 153-154... 

III. Development of cartilage and bone. J Toxicol Environ Health 10(4-5) 551-63. 

In contrast to milk, where samples are primarily derived from cows, meat analysis has to be performed in samples of a widely different animal origin including cattle, lamb, swine, poultry, and fish. Muscle is a complex matrix with a pH of 5.7, composed of muscle fibers, various types of connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, and bones. Sarcoplasmic proteins such as myoglobin, and glycolytic enzymes are soluble in water while the myofibrillar proteins such as myosin and actin are soluble in concentrated salt solutions (14). The connective tissue proteins, collagen and elastin, are insoluble in both solvents. 

Lansdown ABG. The toxicology of cartilage and bone. In Ballantyne B, Marrs TC, Syversen T, eds. General and Applied Toxicology. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. London Macmillan, 2000. 

Wuthier, R. E. Zonal analysis of phospholipids in the epiphyseal cartilage and bone of normal and rachitis chickens and pigs. Calc. Tiss. Res. 8, 36 (1971)... 

Bonucci, E. The locus of initial calcification in cartilage and bone. Clin. Orthop. 78, 108 (1971)... 

Herring, G. M. A review of recent advances in the chemistry of calcifying cartilage and bone matrix. Calc. Tiss. Res. 4, 17 (1970)... 

Campo, R, D. Protein-polysaccharides of cartilage and bone in health and disease. Clin. Orthop. 68, 182 (1970)... 

Robinson, R. A., Cameron, D. A. An electron microscope study ot cartilage and bone matrix at the distal epiphyseal line of the femur in the newborn infant. J. biophys. biochem. CytoL 2, 253 (1956)... 

Schenk, R., et al. Effect of ethane-l-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP) and dichlor-methylene diphosphonate (CI2 MDP) on the calcification and resorption of cartilage and bone in the tibial epiphysis and metaphysis of rats. Calc. Tiss. Res. 77, 196 (1973)... 

Our own skin is made up of specialized cells which become filled with microfibrils of keratin as they move outward and become the relatively dry nonliving external surface (Box 8-F). Internal epithelial cells secrete protein and carbohydrate materials that form a thin basement membrane around the exposed parts of the cells. The connective tissue that lies between organs and which also includes tendons, cartilage, and bone consists of a relatively small number of cells surrounded by a "matrix" consisting of the protein fibers collagen and elastin in a "ground substance" rich in proteoglycans (Chapter 4).616 618 in bone, the calcium phosphate is deposited within this matrix. 

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