Chondroitin sulfates A and

Nishi has found that chondroitin sulfate A and C are more effective in the resolution of basic drugs than dextran or dextrin and even dextran sulfate because of additional ionic interactions with sulfate or carboxylic groups. The small ionic character of chondroitin sulfate C leads to large enantiose-lectivity under acidic conditions, whereas heparin was not so effective. Using neutral polysaccharides, only hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding may occur (117). 

The organic substances of the biocrystalline layer include primarily protein-polysaccharide complexes while the contents of water and lipids are low376. Polysaccharides composed of glucosamine, galactosamine, mannose and fucose have been detected. Also chondroitin-sulfate-A and dermatan sulfate have been found368. ... 

In sulfation, substitution of polymeric chondroitin and chondroitin sulfates A and C by a hen-oviduct preparation has been described. The sulfate donor is adenylyl sulfate 3 -phosphate and a non-sulfated 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactosyl residue positioned internally in the polymer chain can be substituted.230 Evidence has been presented for another activity (from quail oviduct) that sulfates carbon atom 6 of a 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactosyl 4-C-sulfate group at the nonreducing end of the chain, giving the 4,6-di-C-sulfate.231... 

Chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates were originally designated as chondroitin sulfate A and C, respectively, and the close similarity in structure between them is demonstrated by the fact that both mucopolysaccharides yield the same disaccharide (chondrosine) on controlled, acidic hydrolysis together with sulfuric and acetic acids. Chondroitin 4-sulfate or chondroitin 6-sulfate, or both, occur in cartilage and adult bone, and the former mucopolysaccharide is a minor constituent of ligamentum nuchae and cornea (M17). Chondroitin 6-sulfate is a minor constituent of umbilical cord and occurs with dermatan sulfate (chondroitin sulfate B) and hyaluronic acid in heart valves and adult connective tissue (M17). An acid mucopolysaccharide isolated from human plasma resembles chondroitin 4-sulfate in its properties (S4). 

The first generation NGL-based microarray system using nitrocellulose membranes provided insights to the specificity of an antibody (CS-56) to chondroitin sulfates A and C [20], and... 

Bir, N., Yazdani, S. S., Avril, M., Layez, C., Gysin, J., and Chitnis, C. E. (2006). Immunogenic-ity of Duffy binding-like domains that bind chondroitin sulfate A and protection against pregnancy-associated malaria. Infect. Immun. 74,5955-5963. 

The action of aqueous hydrazine on sugar sulfates is different from that of anhydrous hydrazine on sulfated polysaccharides of the chondroitin type. Anhydrous hydrazine is a reagent for cleaving the amide linkage in, for instance, proteins. It has been applied to chondroitin A sulfate to effect Af-deacetylation, and then gave a partly desulfated, as well as N-deacetylated, polymer. In contrast, the aqueous hydrazine reagent has no effect on chondroitin sulfates A and C. ... 

Chondroitin-4-sulfate (chondroitin sulfate A) and chondroitin-6-sulfate (chondroitin sulfate C or D) are also alternating copolymers, but with d-glucuronic acid and -acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfates (Table 31-8). These two chondroitin sulfates form the rib cartilage of the body and are responsible for the calcification and sulfate exchange of the bones. They decrease with the age of the animal. 

Chondroitin sulfates A and C are mucopolysaccharides having the S me components, D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, but they differ for the position of the sulfate ester group, which is located at C-4 of galactosamine for chondroitin sulfate A and at C-6 for chondroitin sulfate C. Chondroitin sulfate B differs from the others because contains mainly iduronic acid and galactosamine since its chetiical structure and its biological activity are different from A and C the name of dermatan sulfate was proposed (5). 

DWA-2 chondroitin sulfate A and C hybrid. 64,000 anti-complementary activity Cervus nippon Temminck, pilose antler 1992 [47]... 

The acceleration of the Hg(II)-induced aquation of [Co(NH3)5X] (X = Cl or Br) by the mucopolysaccharides chondroitin sulfate A and C has been studied as a function of the concentration of polyion and Hg(II), of pH, and the ionic strength. Inhibition of this reaction by a number of divalent ions emphasizes the electrostatic character of the metal-polyion interactions when sulfate groups are involved. 

The presence of both glucuronic add and a-linkages in heparin and heparitan sulfate results in a polysaccharide resistant to hydrolysis, and the uronic acid part is decarboxylated before the amino sugar part is completely released. Similar difficulties are encountered in the hydrolysis of chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates (chondroitin sulfates A and C), whereas dermatan sulfate ()8-heparin, chondroitin sulfate B) can be hydrolyzed under conditions mild enough to allow the isolation of iduronic add. 

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