Based Vaccines

Thus, liposomes—with or without adjuvants—have a potential as antigen delivery systems. No clear insights exist on how to prepare liposome-based vaccines with optimum immunological properties by rationale instead of by trial and error. Therefore, much basic work is needed to unravel the mechanisms involved. 

Warren JD, Geng X, Danishefsky SJ (2007) Synthetic Glycopeptide-Based Vaccines. 267 109-141... 

Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (1999c), Molecular design versus empirical discovery in peptide-based vaccines. Coming to terms with fuzzy recognition sites and ill-defined structure-function relationships in immunology , Vaccine, 18, 216-221. 

The indications are that gut antigen-based vaccines, at least based on the antigens described above and mediated by high systemic antibody responses, are unlikely to be wholly effective against non-blood-feeding nematodes. Different antigens may be required and may need to be delivered in such a way as to stimulate local mucosal immune responses. 

Rg. 60. Schematic representation of a fully synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccine. 

R. Roy, New trends in carbohydrate-based vaccines, Drug Discov. Today, 1 (2004) 327-336. 

Biodegradable Nanoparticles as Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems Regulation of Immune Responses by Nanoparticle-Based Vaccine... 

Effect of Particle Size on Nanoparticle-Based Vaccines. 54... 

Fig. 12 Induction of immune responses by nanoparticle-based vaccine...

Regulation of Immune Responses by Nanoparticle-Based Vaccines... 

Murthy N, Xu M, Schuck S et al (2003) A macromolecular delivery vehicle for protein-based vaccines Acid-degradable protein-loaded microgels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 29 4995-5000... 

Standley SM, Kwon TJ, Murthy N et al (2004) Acid-degradable particles for protein-based vaccines Enhanced survival rate for tumor-challenged mice using ovalbumin model. Bioconjug Chem 15 1281-1288... 

The sera of mice fed with fresh spinach leaves infected with AlMV particles presenting a rabies virus epitope contained IgG and IgA. Mucosal IgA was also detected [48]. Human volunteers (in FDA approved trials) fed with spinach containing recombinant particles generated both IgG and IgA responses specific to the pathogen [49]. The trials also suggested that plant virus particle-based vaccines could be effectively used in prime-boost regimens. In more recent work, recombinant AlMV particles containing an epitope from the G protein of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) induced protective immunity in mice [33]. 

Diphtheria and tetanus vaccines are two commonly used toxoid-based vaccine preparations. The initial stages of diphtheria vaccine production entail the growth of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. 

Edelman, R. 2002. The development and use of vaccine adjuvants. Molecular Biotechnology 21(2), 129-148. Francis, J. and Larche, M. 2005. Peptide-based vaccination where do we stand Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 5(6), 537-543. 

An additional consideration that may influence the protocol used is the desired duration of subsequent expression of the gene product. In most cases of genetic disease, long-term expression of the inserted gene would be required. In other instances (e.g. some forms of cancer therapy or the use of gene therapy to deliver a DNA-based vaccine), short-term expression of the gene introduced would be sufficient/desirable. 

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