Lipid-based vaccines

Baca-Estrada, M. E., et al.. Effects of lL-12 on immune responses induced by transcutaneous immunization with antigens formulated in a novel lipid-based biphasic delivery system. Vaccine, 18, 1847-54, 2000. 

The lipid-core peptide (LCP) system (Toth et al. 1993 Moyle et al. 2003) (Fig. 11.3) is a delivery system which conjugates synthetic lipoamino acids (a-amino acids with long alkyl side chains) through a polylysine MAP system (or a carbohydrate) (McGeary et al. 2001, 2002) to multiple copies of one or several different peptide antigens. The LCP system induces similar immune responses when LCP-based vaccines are co-administered with conventional adjuvants and represents a promising system for mucosal vaccine development. 

Moyle PM, Horvath A, Olive C, Good MF, Toth I (2003) Development of lipid-core-peptide (LCP) based vaccines for the prevention of group A streptococcal (GAS) infection. Lett Pept Sci 10(5-6) 605-613... 

This book describes the use of lipid-based nano- and microparticulate carriers in such applications. It presents innovative methods of delivering active biochemicals to different systems, discusses lipospheres as a technical solution to problems associated with controlled release of biochemicals, covers lipospheres as carriers for vaccines, and finally provides procedures for specific applications and describes biological systems. 

The choice of the phospholipid is dependent on the actual needs of the antigen delivery system. Cationic lipid with a combination of pH-sensitive lipid can be used for DNA-based vaccines delivery or intracellular cytosolic delivery of protein molecules. They may also be used in combination vaccines or in combination with other adjuvants like MPL-A (monophosphoryl lipid A), and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IFN-gamma). 

Choi, M.J., Kim, J.H., Maibach, H.I., 2006. Topical DNA vaccination with DNA/Lipid based complex. Curr. Drug Dehv. 3, 37—45. 

Wicklein B, Martin del Burgo MA, Yuste M, Darder M, Escrig Llavata C, Aranda P, Ortin J, del Real G, Ruiz-Hitzky E (2012) Lipid-based bio-nanohybrids for functional stabilisation of influenza vaccines. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012 5186-5191... 

Vaccine adjuvants Plasmid vaccines that can successfully elicit humoral and cellular immune response have the potential to provide safer alternatives than live viral or heat-killed bacterial vaccines. Therapeutically relevant immune response is attainable with adjuvants such as cholera toxin and lipid A delivered using cationic nanoparticles by topical and subcutaneous administration, respectively [45]. Additionally, protein-based vaccines may be encapsulated in pH sensitive polymers, where low pH in the phagosomes of antigen-presenting cells disrupt the vectors to release vaccines [ 37]. 

The results presented in this chapter demonstrate that enhanced immunogenic efficacy can be achieved by using liposphere-based formulations, indicating the potential usefulness of lipospheres in the formulation of human and veterinary vaccines. The liposphere approach employs the fat-lipid environment to achieve several goals to serve as a carrier to protect the antigen, to serve as a depot, and to provide a surface interphase necessary for adjuvant activity. The ability to provide different surface... 

T. Buskas, S. Ingale, and G.-J. Boons, Towards a fully synthetic carbohydrate-based anticancer vaccine Synthesis and immunological evaluation of a lipidated glycopeptide containing the tumor-associated Tn antigen, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 44 (2005) 5985-5988. 

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