Vaccine development carbohydrate-based

In addition, carbohydrate conjugates can be utilized to develop carbohydrate-based vaccines for treatment of diseases in which carbohydrate toxins or antigens, respectively, are involved. Thus, fully synthetic glycoconjugates might be developed into vaccines for malaria, and other parasites such as different bacteria, tuberculosis, tropical diseases, leishmaniasis and the Influenzae virus. 

Gold NPs have been used as multivalent and multifunctional platforms for tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens in combination with suitable immunogenic carriers to develop carbohydrate-based vaccines. The pioneering group of Penades was the first to identify gold NPs as potential scaffolds for vaccine preparation [84]. 

The lipid-core peptide (LCP) system (Toth et al. 1993 Moyle et al. 2003) (Fig. 11.3) is a delivery system which conjugates synthetic lipoamino acids (a-amino acids with long alkyl side chains) through a polylysine MAP system (or a carbohydrate) (McGeary et al. 2001, 2002) to multiple copies of one or several different peptide antigens. The LCP system induces similar immune responses when LCP-based vaccines are co-administered with conventional adjuvants and represents a promising system for mucosal vaccine development. 

Beside the ABO blood group system a number of additional carbohydrate-based antigenic determinants are known (O Table 2), which are, however, not only recognized by antibodies. Some of them are more highly expressed on tumor cells and therefore can be described as tumor-associated antigens [115]. Synthetic tumor-associated antigens such as Lewis y or Globo H have been used in the development of antitumor vaccines [116,117]. 

The pharmaceutical impact of carbohydrate-based therapeutics can also be seen in the agents now under evaluation in pre-clini-cal and clinical development. For example, synthetic carbohydrate chains, modeled on tumor cell antigens but modified to stimulate an immune response, are being used to develop novel cancer vaccines. 

Several new glycoconjugate vaccines have recently been approved, including those made from Pneumococcal, Haemophilus B, and Typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharides. This type of carbohydrate-based drug involves carbohydrate natural products isolation and serves as an example for synthetic oligosaccharide gly-coconjugates in research and development. 

Cancer. The development of carbohydrate-based vaccines designed to activate T-cells targeting of cancer cells has been pursued for some time. The goal of a cancer vaccine is to make the host immune system responsive to antigens characteristic of cancer cells. Several carbohydrate-based therapeutics that have now reached clinical trials seek to estab-... 

For a review of eonjugation methods in vaccine development, see V. Pozsgay and J. Kubler-Kielb, in Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines, R. Roy, ed. ACS Symposium Series 989, Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 36. 

---