High-end systems

Data on slowly changing variables should be taken at least once a second. For rapidly changing variables, such as melt pressure and hydraulic pressure, data should be collected at higher frequency, typically 100 points/s. Some high-end systems sample up to 100,000 points/s. 

K. Prasad, and E. D. Perfecto, Multilevel Thin Film Applications and Processes for High End System , IEEE Trans-CPMT-B. Vol. 17, No. 1 (1994), pp. 38-49. 

Furthermore VGInsight [16], a high-end tool for multi-volume and time-dependent volume raytracing is used for Virtual Reality inspection of the measured dataset. The package is running on a Quad-Pentium Pro System under the Linux Operating System. 

Economic Analysis. Costs of ms/ms instmmentation remain at the high end of the scale for hyphenated systems. Because more powerhil computer systems are becoming available at lower cost and improvements are being made in the less expensive ms hardware, the trend in instmmental cost is downward. The current range for ms/ms systems extends from about 350,000 to about 1.4 million where the ms components are equipped with higher mass and resolution capabiUties. 

Rotary kiln systems usually have a secondary combustion chamber after the kiln to ensure complete combustion of the wastes. Airtight seals close off the high end of the kiln while the lower end is connected to the secondary combustion chamber or mixing cluimber. In some cases, liquid waste is injected into the secondary combustion chamber. The kiln acts as the primary chamber to volatilize and oxidize combustibles in the wastes. Inert ash is then removed from the lower end of the kiln. The volatilized combustibles exit the kiln and enter the secondary chamber where additional oxygen is available and ignitable liquid wastes or fuel can be introduced. Complete combustion of the waste and fuel occurs in the secondar> chamber. 

This pump is the same in principle as the piston type but differs in that the gland is at one end of the cylinder making its replacement easier than with the standard piston type. The sealing of piston and ram pumps has been much improved but, because of the nature of the fluids frequently used, care in selecting and maintaining the seal is very important. The piston or ram pump may be used for injections of small quantities of inhibitors to polymerisation units or of corrosion inhibitors to high pressure systems, and also for boiler feed water applications. 

Some proteins may have redox centers with ° s significantly higher than +0.4 V (e.g., the multicopper protein laccase). No general approach is presently available to deal with the high end of the biological redox window, and, in fact, the reduction potentials of these systems (again, e.g., laccases) are frequently poorly defined. 

A high pressure process or storage vessel should never be "pointed" at manned or critical facilities or other high inventory systems for concerns of a BLEVE of the container with the ends of the vessel rocketing towards the vulnerable location. As a further inherent safety enhancement, spheroid separation vessels may be used in some instances instead of horizontal pressure vessels (bullets). This reduces the possibility of a BLEVE incident directed towards other exposures. 

Technical solutions may well tackle the problem. But in terms of global equity, forcing high-end technologies as first choice to combat the adverse environmental impacts of transport will be in favour of the industries in the developed countries. The analysis of world patent applications and global trade flows on behalf of the German Environment Ministry (Edler et al., 2007) demonstrates that developing and transition economies only play a very minor role in the developement and trade of new vehicles and propulsion systems. In the field of sustainable propulsion systems, non-OECD countries participate in world trade with 13% of imports and exports, but contributed only 2% of patent applications in 2005. 

With the commercially available MS—MS instruments in the 1990s, MS-MS helped to overcome these identification obstacles via CID in MS—MS mode or via ion trap in MS mode. In parallel, the applicability of MS—MS and MS by CID on tandem or ion trap MS become much easier and more informative with new MS spectrometric hardware, which is supported by the implemented improved computer systems. This combination of high-end data systems with more automated MS-MS and MS instruments facilitates the application of MS-MS and leads to a tremendous increase in the information output. 

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