Human respiratory syncytial virus

The sera of mice fed with fresh spinach leaves infected with AlMV particles presenting a rabies virus epitope contained IgG and IgA. Mucosal IgA was also detected [48]. Human volunteers (in FDA approved trials) fed with spinach containing recombinant particles generated both IgG and IgA responses specific to the pathogen [49]. The trials also suggested that plant virus particle-based vaccines could be effectively used in prime-boost regimens. In more recent work, recombinant AlMV particles containing an epitope from the G protein of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) induced protective immunity in mice [33]. 

Phosphorylation has also been implicated in viral growth. A recent study showed that a lithium-sensitive kinase (e.g., GSK-3/3) phosphorylated serine 54 of the human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) structural P protein, which is a cofactor of the viral RNA polymerase. " The removal of the phosphate is controlled by phosphatase 2A (PP2A). When lithium-sensitive kinases were inhibited, the virus was unable to replicate and did not survive (Figure 3). 

Belanger, H., Fleysh, N., Cox, S. et al. (2000). Human respiratory syncytial virus vaccine antigen prodnced in plants. FASEB J. 14 2323-2328. 

Tempest, P.R., Bremner, P., Lambert, M., et al. (1991). Reshaping a human monoclonal-antibody to inhibit human respiratory syncytial virus-infection in vivo. Bio-Technol., 9, 266-271. 

The isolation of disease-related antibodies specific for either melanoma [ 180], the autoimmune thyroid peroxidase antigen [174], or neutrophil antigen characteristic of ulcerative colitis [17] from nonnaive patient repertoire phage libraries has been reviewed above in the Panning on cells section. The isolation of anti-viral antibodies with diagnostic or therapeutic potential from antibody repertoire libraries has been described in earlier papers e.g. against HIV [197], hepatitis B virus [198] and human respiratory syncytial virus [199],... 

Gorman JJ, Ferguson BL, Speelman D, Mills D (1997) Determination of the disulfide bond arrangement of human respiratory syncytial virus attachment (G) protein by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Protein Sci 6 1380... 

Martinez I, Lombardia L, Garcia-Barreno B et aL Distinct gene subsets are induced at different time points after human respiratory syncytial virus infection of A549 cells. J Gen Virol 2007 88(Pi 2) 570-581. 

Brideau, R.J. Walters, R.R. Stier, M.A. Wathen, M.W. Protection of cotton rats against human respiratory syncytial virus by vaccination with a novel chimeric FG glycoprotein. J. Gen. Virol. 1989, 70, 2637-2644. 

Wang E, Sun X, Qian Y et al (2003) Both heptad repeats of human respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein are potent inhibitors of viral fusion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 302 469 175... 

Zhao X, Singh M, Malashkevich VN, Kim PS (2000) Structural characterization of the human respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein core. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 14172-14177... 

Del Vecchio AM, Sarisky RT (2006) Cold virus fusion or stopping fusion cold - inhibitors of the human respiratory syncytial virus F protein. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov 1 247-254... 

Bonfanti J-F, Roymans D (2009) Prospects for the development of fusion inhibitors to treat human respiratory syncytial virus infection. Curr Opin Drug Discov Dev 12 479 -87... 

Melero JA (2007) Molecular biology of human respiratory syncytial virus. Perspect Med Virol 14 1 12... 

Melero JA, Garcia-Barreno B, Martinez I et al (1997) Antigenic structure, evolution and immunobiology of human respiratory syncytial virus attachment (G) protein. J Gen Virol 78 2411-2418... 

Feldman SA, Audet S, Beeler JA (2000) The fusion glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus facilitates virus attachment and infectivity via an interaction with cellular heparan sulfate. J Virol 74 6442-6447... 

Tayyari F, Marchant D, Moraes TJ et al (2011) Identification of nucleolin as a cellular receptor for human respiratory syncytial virus. Nat Med 17 1132-1135... 

Lundin A, Bergstroem T, Bendrioua L et al (2010) Two novel fusion inhibitors of human respiratory syncytial virus. Antiviral Res 88 317-332... 

Crowe J E, Jr, Cheung P Y, Wallace E F, et al. (1994). Isolation and characterization of a chimpanzee monoclonal antibody to the G glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 1 701-706. 

Palivizumab Synagis Humanized Respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis... 

Although traditional pharmacokinetic principles are also applicable for peptides and proteins, their in vivo disposition is to a large degree affected by their physiological function. Peptides, for example, which frequently have hormone activity, usually have short elimination half-lives, which is desirable for a close regulation of their endogenous levels and thus function. Contrary to that, transport proteins like albumin or antibodies have elimination half-lives of several days, which enables and ensures the continuous maintenance of necessary concentrations in the blood stream [16]. The reported terminal half-life for SB209763, a humanized respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, for example, was reported as 22 to 50 days [22]. 

Dagouassat, N., Haeuw, J.F., Robillard, V., Damien, F., Libon, C., Corvaia, N., Lawny, F., Nguyen, T.N., Bomiefoy, J.Y. and Beck, A., 2001a, Development of a quantitative assay for residual host cell proteins in a recombinant subunit vaccine against human respiratory syncytial virus. J. Immunol. Methods 251 151-159. 

Sugawara, M., Czaplicki, J., Ferrage, J., Haeuw, J.F., Power, U.F., Corvaia, N., Nguyen, T., Beck, A. and Milon, A., 2002, Structure-antigenicity relationship studies of the central conserved region of human respiratory syncytial virus protein G. J. Pept. Res. 60 271-282. 

Gimenez, H.B., Hardman, N., Keir, H.M., and Cash, P. 1986, Antigenic variation between human respiratory syncytial virus isolates. J Gen Virol 67 863-870. 

Feldman SA, Hendry RM, Beeler JA. Identification of a linear heparin binding domain for human respiratory syncytial virus attachment glycoprotein G. J Virol 1999 73(8) 6610-7. 

RSV Human respiratory syncytial virus F (viral protein coat antigen)... 

Meissner HC, WeUiver RC, Chartrand SA, Law BJ, Weisman LE, Dorkin HL, Rodriguez WJ. Immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab, a humanized respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in high risk infants a consensus opinion. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999 18 223-231. 

Bitko V, Velazquez A, Yang L, Yang YC, Barik S. Transcriptional induction of multiple cytokines by human respiratory syncytial virus requires activation of NF-kappa B and is inhibited by sodium salicylate and aspirin. Virology 1997 232 369-378. 

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