Synthetic vaccines carbohydrate-based

Koganty, R.R., Reddish, M.A., and Fongenecker, B.M. (1996) Glycopeptide- and carbohydrate-based synthetic vaccines for the immunotherapy of cancer. Drug Disco. Today, 1, 190-198. 

K.-C. Chu and C.-Y. Wu, Carbohydrate-Based Synthetic Vaccines Does the Synthesis of Longer Chains of Carbohydrate Make This a Step over Closer , Future Med. Chem., 2012, 4, 1767. 

S. J. Danishefsky and J. R. Allen, From the laboratory to the clinic A retrospective on fully synthetic carbohydrate-based anticancer vaccines, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 39 (2000) 836-863. 

Reviews on synthetic carbohydrate-based bacterial vaccines are available by Pozsgay, Vliegenthart, Lucas, and Jansen. More recent reviews by Pozsgay and Morelli et al cover exhaustively some aspects such as the chemical synthesis. The present chapter will focus on the contribution of defined synthetic oligosaccharides for the development of glycoconjugate vaccines. 

Fernandez-Tejada, A., Canada, F.J., Jim nez-Barbero, J., 2015. Recent developments in synthetic carbohydrate-based diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics. Chemistry 21 (30), 10616-10628. 

Rg. 60. Schematic representation of a fully synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccine. 

McGeary, R. P., Jablonkai, 1., and Toth, I. (2001) Carbohydrate-based templates for synthetic vaccines and drug delivery. Tetrahedron 57, 8733-8742. 

Beside the ABO blood group system a number of additional carbohydrate-based antigenic determinants are known (O Table 2), which are, however, not only recognized by antibodies. Some of them are more highly expressed on tumor cells and therefore can be described as tumor-associated antigens [115]. Synthetic tumor-associated antigens such as Lewis y or Globo H have been used in the development of antitumor vaccines [116,117]. 

Keding SJ, Danishefsky SJ (2003) Synthetic Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines. In Wong C-H (ed) Carbohydrate-Based Drug Discovery, vol 1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p 381... 

In addition, carbohydrate conjugates can be utilized to develop carbohydrate-based vaccines for treatment of diseases in which carbohydrate toxins or antigens, respectively, are involved. Thus, fully synthetic glycoconjugates might be developed into vaccines for malaria, and other parasites such as different bacteria, tuberculosis, tropical diseases, leishmaniasis and the Influenzae virus. 

Aberrantly glycosylated mucins over-expressed on the surface of cancer cells reveal peptide sequences and prematurely sialylated carbohydrate moieties that would otherwise be inaccessible or absent in the healthy uncancerous state. Consequently, this provides a source of peptide and glycopeptide-based, mucin-associated antigens from which synthetic vaccines... 

The pharmaceutical impact of carbohydrate-based therapeutics can also be seen in the agents now under evaluation in pre-clini-cal and clinical development. For example, synthetic carbohydrate chains, modeled on tumor cell antigens but modified to stimulate an immune response, are being used to develop novel cancer vaccines. 

Several new glycoconjugate vaccines have recently been approved, including those made from Pneumococcal, Haemophilus B, and Typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharides. This type of carbohydrate-based drug involves carbohydrate natural products isolation and serves as an example for synthetic oligosaccharide gly-coconjugates in research and development. 

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