Immunity mucosal

The GIT has several defense flmctions that protect against invasion by pathogens and exposure to compounds that pose health risks. The mucosal immune... 

Probiotics Dietary supplements containing potentially beneficial bacteria that promote health by stimulating optimal mucosal immune responses. 

Parasitism by T. spiralis has been a subject of scientific interest for over 150 years. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to the parasite by immunologists interested in immunity to nematodes in general, and mucosal immunity in particular. It has been shown that glycan-specific antibodies are highly effective mediators of host defence against intestinal 7. spiralis infection. Protective monoclonal antibodies have been used to elucidate mechanisms of worm expulsion, as well as to identify molecules that the parasite uses to create its niche. In the future, detailed characterization of these molecules and their functions should afford additional insights into parasitism by Trichinella spiralis, and possibly also by other types of pathogen. 

Lee, G.B. and Ogilvie, B.M. (1982) The intestinal mucus layer in Trichinella spiralis infected rats. In Strober, W., Hanson, L.A. and Sell, K.W. (eds) Recent Advances in Mucosal Immunity. Raven Press, New York, p. 319. 

Castro, G.A. and Amtzen, C.J. (1993) Immunophysiology of the gut a research frontier for integrative studies of the common mucosal immune system. American Journal of Physiology G599-G610. 

GAl-derived proteins were detected in ES products from adult worms and host abomasal mucus, indicative of release from the microvillar surface. Following from this, protective immunity stimulated by immunization with these proteins may involve anamnestic and mucosal immune responses. This suggestion was supported in a later study (Karanu et al., 1997a), which provided evidence for a contribution from CD4+ lymphocytes to gut antigen-induced immunity. 

The indications are that gut antigen-based vaccines, at least based on the antigens described above and mediated by high systemic antibody responses, are unlikely to be wholly effective against non-blood-feeding nematodes. Different antigens may be required and may need to be delivered in such a way as to stimulate local mucosal immune responses. 

Neutra, M.R., Pringault, E. and Kraehenbuhl, J.P. (1996) Antigen sampling across epithelial barriers and induction of mucosal immune responses. Annual Review of Immunology 14, 275-300. 

Mansfield, L.S. and Urban, J.F. Jr (1996) The pathogenesis of necrotic proliferative colitis in swine is linked to whipworm induced suppression of mucosal immunity to resident bacteria. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 50, 1-17. 

The main site of the mucosal immune system in the gut is referred to as gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), which can be divided into inductive and effector sites. In the small intestine, the inductive sites are in the Peyer s patches, which consist of large lymphoid follicles in the terminal small intestine. The contact with external antibodies triggers a series of cascade events in the body based on immune response (Brandtzaeg et al., 1999). 

Brandtzaeg P., Baekkevold E.S. and Farstad I.N. (1999). Regional specialization in the mucosal immune system what happens in the microcompartments Immunol Today, 20, 141-51. 

Nagura H. and Sumi Y. (1988). Immunological functions of the gut-role of the mucosal immune system . Toxicol Pathol, 16(2), 154—164. 

Tlaskalova-Hogenova H., Farre-Castany M.A., Stepankova R., Kozakova H., Tuckova L., Funda D.P., Barot R., Cukrowska B., Sinkora J. and Mandel L. (1995). The gut as a lymphoepithelial organ the role of the intestinal epithelial cells in mucosal immunity . Folia Microbiol (Praha), 40(4), 385-91. 

Riordan SM, Mclver CJ, Wakefield D, Duncombe VM, Thomas MC, Bolin TD Small intestinal mucosal immunity and morphometry in luminal overgrowth of indigenous gut flora. Am J Gastroenterol 2001 96 494-500. 

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) spike protein Tobacco leaf Systemic and mucosal immune response in mice immunized orally. 107... 

McGhee, J.R. et al., The Mucosal Immune System from Fundamental Concepts to Vaccine Development, Vaccine. 10, 75, 1992. 

Goebel, C. et al., Orally administered lead chloride induces bias of mucosal immunity, Cytokine 12, 1414, 2000. 

Pestka, J. J. Deoxynivalenol-induced IgA production and IgA nephropathy-aberrant mucosal immune response with systemic repercussions. Toxicol. Lett. 140-141, 287, 2003. 

Mestecky, J., Michalek, S. M., Moldoveanu, Z., and Russell, M. W. (1997). Routes of immunization and antigen delivery systems for optimal mucosal immune responses in humans. Behring Inst. Mitt. 98, 33-43. 

Dubois B, Goubier A, Joubert G, Kaiserlian D Oral tolerance and regulation of mucosal immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2005 62 1322-1332. 

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) affects 10-22% of the general population (54) and results in high health care utilization (55). The pathophysiology is not clearly defined diet, psychological distress, infection, altered mucosal immunity, visceral hypersensitivity, intestinal dysmotility, and abnormal brain-gut interactions are potential mechanisms for this disorder (56). Treatment options vary and are generally selected based on the patient s primary symptom. 

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