Polysaccharide based vaccines

FIGURE 19.3 Traditionally proposed mechanism for immune response of (a) polysaccharide-based vaccines and (b) polysaccharide-protein conjugate-based vaccines. 

The interest in polysaccharide-based vaccines was originated already in the 1930s and associated mainly with bacterial meningitis and pneumonia. In 1945, a Sp-vaccine made from CPS of four serotypes was studied [4] but the advent of chemotherapeutics and antibiotics diminished the interest in this area of study. A resurgence of interest in preventative medicine occurred only after several decades due to the increase in bacterial antibiotic resistance and the occurrence of meningitis epidemics. 

From the standpoint of disease control, these findings underscore the need for rapid vaccine development capabilities to permit the creation of new vaccines (for cholera as well as for other possible emergent pathogens) to match whatever new antigenic combination may appear. As a case study, based on our research, we were able to develop a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine rapidly that was protective in animals... 

Haeuw, J.F., Libon, C., Zarina, L., Goetsch, L., Champion, T., Nguyen, T.N., Bormefoy, J.Y., Corvaia, N. and Beck, A., 2000, Physico-chemical characterization and immimogenicity studies of peptide and polysaccharide conjugate vaccines based on a promising new carrier protein, the rocomhinwl Klebsiella pneumoniae OmpA. Dev. Biol. 103 245-250. 

As mefloquine is rapidly absorbed it has been suggested that by 8 hours after a dose, the levels of mefloquine will be insufficient to inhibit live oral typhoid vaccine. Based on the results of the above study the US manufae-turers note that mefloquine ean be given at the same time as oral typhoid vaccine. The UK manufaeturers of the oral typhoid vaeeine reeommend separating the dose of oral typhoid vaccine and mefloquine by at least 12 hours. However, the manufacturers of mefloquine say that immunisation with vaeeines sueh as oral typhoid should be eompleted at least 3 days before the first dose of mefloquine. The UK Department of Health say that mefloquine ean be given 12 hours before or after vaeeination with oral typhoid vaeeine. It would therefore seem acceptable to separate administration by 12 hours. Note that this advice does not apply to the capsular polysaccharide typhoid vaccine for injection. 

Abstract Polysaccharides based nanomaterials have diverse applications in biomedical research. This chapter covers one of the major achievements in modification of polysaccharides using microwave irradiation and cationization methods. Additionally chapter focused on mucoadhesive polysaccharides and its recent advancement in nano drug delivery system. Applications such as gene transfection, bone regeneration and vaccine delivery are also separately discussed. 

S. Borrelli, M. A. Johnson, R. B. Hossany and B. M. Pinto, Peptide Mimics of Bacterial Polysaccharides Potential for Discriminating Vaccines , in ACS Symposium Series, ed. R. Roy, American Chemical Society, 2008, vol. 989, Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines, p. 335. 

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