Waste Mining

Acetamide [60-35-5] C2H NO, mol wt 59.07, is a white, odorless, hygroscopic soHd derived from acetic acid and ammonia. The stable crystalline habit is trigonal the metastable is orthorhombic. The melt is a solvent for organic substances it is used ia electrochemistry and organic synthesis. Pure acetamide has a bitter taste. Unknown impurities, possibly derived from acetonitrile, cause its mousy odor (1). It is found ia coal mine waste dumps (2). 

Fig. 23. Methods of tailings dam constmction (a) upstream method, (b) downstream method, and (c) mine waste rock dam constmction (6).

Hatch, J. and E. Hayes. "State-of-the-Art Remedial Action Technologies Used for the Sydney Mine Waste Disposal Site Cleanups," In Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Proceedings, Washington, D.C., 1985, pp. 285. 

Mining Waste Estimated 10-20 eaneers aiuiually, largely due to arsenie. Remote loeations and small population exposure reduee overall risk though individual risk may be high. 

Gruben-abfaU, m. mine waste, -bau, m. mine digging, imdergroimd working- -betrieb, m. mining, -brand, m. mine fire, -dampf, m. choke damp. 

C04-0026. Cadmium ions are environmental pollutants found in mining waste, metal plating, water pipes, and industrial discharge. Cadmium ions replace zinc ions in biochemistry and cause kidney damage, high blood pressure, and brittle bones. Dissolved Cd " " impurities can be removed from a water sample... 

There are three principal types of wastes that arise in mining and milling operations (i) mine wastes (ii) milling wastes and (iii) waste water. Each type of waste is subjected to an appropriate management strategy. 

Mine wastes consist of rock that must be removed in order to access the ore. Generally, this material presents no risk of environmental contamination and it may be piled alongside the mining facility. In some cases, however, waste rock contains minerals that might be leached by water passing through waste piles. When this is considered likely, steps are taken to ensure that the leachate does not enter surface water bodies. 

There are eight exemptions from the mixture rule. The first exemption from the mixture rule applies to mixtures of characteristic wastes and specific mining wastes excluded under RCRA. This narrow exemption allows certain mixtures to qualify as nonhazardous wastes, even if the mixtures exhibit one or more hazardous waste characteristics. The mining waste exclusion is explained in more detail in a U.S. EPA module.9... 

Sources of lead in dust and soil include lead that falls to the ground from the air, and weathering and chipping of lead-based paint from buildings and other structures. Lead in dust may also come from windblown soil. Disposal of lead in municipal and hazardous waste dump sites may also add lead to soil. Mining wastes that have been used for sandlots, driveways, and roadbeds can also be sources of lead. 

Freeman GB, Johnson JD, Killinger JM, et al. 1992. Relative bioavailability of lead from mining waste soil in rats. Fund Appl Toxicol 19 388-398. 

Freeman GB, Johnson JD, Liao SC, et al. 1994. Absolute bioavailability of lead acetate and mining waste lead in rats. Toxicology 91 151-163. 

Hemphill CP, Ruby MV, Beck BD, Davis A, Bergstrom PD. 1991. The bioavailability of lead in mining wastes physical/chemical considerations. Chem Speciation and Bioavailability 3(3/4) 135-148. 

Steele MJ, Beck BD, Murphy BL, Strauss HS. 1990. Assessing the contribution from lead in mining wastes to blood lead. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 11 158-190. 

Another application or example of phytoremediation is phytostabilization by reforestation, such as the reclamation of metalliferous mine wastes. Phytostabilization is the stabilization of contaminants in surface soils (especially in root zones) by preventing them from leaching down profiles or entering surface runoff. The additional benefits of reforestation in reclamation include supplying local timber needs, the provision of employment in rural areas, the enhancement of the surrounding scenery, the establishment of perimeter wind breaks and shelter belts, the provision of food and shelter for wildlife, and the reduction of surface water and resulting erosion (Williamson and Johnson, 1981). 

Clevenger T.E. Use of sequential extraction to evaluate the heavy metals in mining wastes. Water Air Soil Pollut 1990 50 241-254. 

Williamson A., Johnson M.S. Reclamation of metalliferous mine wastes. In Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Plants. Vol. 2 Metals in Environment, N.W. Lepp, ed. London, UK Applied Science Publishers, 1981. 

Unregulated mining waste disposal (salt mining in the Llobregat basin)... 

Hale, J.G. 1977. Toxicity of metal mining wastes. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17 66-73. 

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