Land pollution

Sources of land pollution include direct dumping of domestic and industrial solid waste, excessive application of agrochemicals, and indirect contamination resulting from leaks or from leaching of hazardous components from liquid waste disposal sites or from atmospheric fallout. Land may also become contaminated by chemicals processed, stored or dumped at the site, perhaps in the distant past. Such contamination may pose a health risk to workers on the site, those subsequently involved in building, construction or engineering works, or the public (e.g. arising from trespass), and to animals. 

Soil surveys relating to construction work require samples from at least the depth of excavation water seepage may cause cross-contamination of land. Some guidelines for the classification of contaminated soils are summarized in Table 13.11 some materials are difficult to dispose of safely on land (Table 13.12). 

Non-metallic inorganic dissolved compounds Oil, grease, wax and immiscible organics 

Potassium hydroxide (caustic potash) Calcium oxide (lime) 

Sodium chloride Hypochlorites Potassium dichromate Copper cyanide Nickel cyanide Potassium cyanide Silver cyanide Sodium cyanide Zinc cyanide Suds 

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Environmental regulation in the oleochemical industry addresses pollution of air, surface, and groundwater, along with land pollution and soHd waste disposal. This is adrninistered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on the national level, an equivalent agency on the state level, and sometimes local agencies also deal with various aspects of pollution abatement. 

Land pollution has arisen from the direet dumping of domestie and industrial solid waste, but this... 

Land pollution Gross amenity damage Undermining of site stability Sterilization of surrounding land due to heavy metals pH changes etc. Permanent land contamination ... 

Type of pollution Air pollution Water pollution Land pollution... 

The toxic chemicals found within the refining industry are not necessarily unique, and although general air pollution, water pollution, and land pollution controls are... 

With few exceptions, air pollutants ultimately fall by gravity to the surface of die earth. On land, pollution of the soil and freshwater lakes and rivers and ultimately the groundwater occurs, Fallout on the seas and oceans also occurs, but unless radioactive, the effects are less easy to discern except on die long term. It is indeed difficult to separate air and water pollution. The relationship is explored in the article on Wastes and Pollution. The winds contribute both to the spread and, in some instances, to the contribution of air pollutants. Frequently, as in the case of acid rain, the precipitation of water (an excellent solvent) in the fonn of rain, snow, sleet, ice pellets, etc. causes entrainment of pollutants (gases, mists, particles, etc.). Thus the soils, rocks, lakes, and rivers are subject to the corrosive and biodestructive processes brought about by the presence of alien substances. Acid rain is described later in this article. 

Our environment is capable of withstanding natural levels or concentrations of many harmful substances or forms of energy such as heat or sound. Pollution is the addition of these substances or energy forms to the environment at higher levels than it can handle. Pollution causing substances can affect air, water or land. Pollution may be local and short lived (such as noise pollution) or it can be widespread and long lasting (such as chemical pollution caused by fertilizers and insecticides). 

POLLUTION ABSTRACTS 102,000 1970-present CAMBRIDGE SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACTS Covers foreign and domestic reports, journals, contracts, and symposia in the areas of pollution, its sources, and its control. Includes air, water, and land pollution, sewage and water treatment, and legal developments... 

The past three decades have seen an increased social awareness of the impact of modern-day lifestyles on the environment. Public environmental concerns include issues such as waste disposal hazardous-material regulations depletion of natural resources and air, water, and land pollution. Nevertheless, roughly one-half of the total quantity of waste generated each year can be attributed to domestic sources ... 

Environmental Factors These include (1) equipment location, (2) available space, (3) ambient conditions, (4) availability of adequate utilities (i.e., power, water, etc.) and ancillary-system facilities (i.e., waste treatment and disposal, etc.), (5) maximum allowable emission (air pollution codes), (6) aesthetic considerations (i.e., visible steam or water-vapor plume, etc.), (7) contributions of the air-pollution-control system to wastewater and land pollution, and (8) contribution of the air-pollution-control system to plant noise levels. 

How can land pollution affect the health of plants and animals ... 

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