Toxic waste

Figure 3 Proposed ecotoxicological procedure for assessment of solid waste toxicity and calculation of the classes of hazard.

Hazardous waste collection Hazardous waste reduction Hazardous waste toxicity reduction Hazardous waste recycling... 

Manganese Mining, industrial wastes Toxic to plants in high concentrations None established... 

Table 3. Characteristics of an ideal test battery for solid waste toxicity assessment.

Results obtained with bioassays on each leachate sample in the prerequisite study or in the WASTOXHAS procedure can be integrated through a waste toxicity scale system indicative of a specific level of ecotoxic impact. The aim of such a system is to convert individual endpoint values of different tests into a unique hazard index, representing the overall toxicity of the tested leachate. 

Figure 1.15 Examples of oxygen-containing organic compounds that may be significant as wastes, toxic substances, or environmental pollutants.

Rodgers et al. [199] reported the use of the UV/H202 system, among others, as an alternative to reduce the toxicity of a radioactive liquid waste. Toxicity was reduced more than 50% when pH was adjusted before the oxidizing step. 

J. D. Kilgroe, L. P. Nelson, PO. J. Schindler and W. S. Lanier, in Incineration of Hazardous Waste-Toxic Combustion By-Products, ed. W. R. Seeker and C. P. Koshland, Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia, 1992. 

Electrochemistry offers new and interesting approaches to industrial wastewater treatment in particular, electrochemical combustion is a very attractive process for solutions in which, although the pollutant concentration is low, its presence makes the waste toxic (Rajeshwar and Ibanez 1997). 

See also Clean Air Act (CAA), US Clean Water Act (CWA), US Hazardous Waste Toxic Substances Control Act, US. 

EPA. 1990a. Identification and listing of hazardous waste. Subpart C Characteristic of hazardous waste toxicity characteristic. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 261.24. 

Hazardous Waste Toxicity Characteristics Maximum Leachable Concentration... 

The use of electricity in reactions is clean and, at least in some cases, can produce no waste. Toxic heavy metal ions need not be involved in the reaction. Hazardous or expensive reagents, if needed, can be generated in situ where contact with them will not occur. The actual oxidant is used in catalytic amounts, with its reduced form being reoxidized continuously by the electricity. In this way, 1 mol% of ruthenium(III) chloride can be used in aqueous sodium chloride to oxidize benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde at 25°C in 80% yield. The benzaldehyde can, in turn, be oxidized to benzoic acid by the same system in 90% yield.289 The actual oxidant is ruthenium tetroxide. Naphthalene can be oxidized to naphthoquinone with 98% selectivity using a small amount of cerium salt in aqueous methanesulfonic acid when the cerium(III) that forms is reoxidized to cerium(IV) electrically.290 Substituted aromatic compounds can be oxidized to the corresponding phenols electrically with a platinum electrode in trifluoroacetic acid, tri-ethylamine, and methylene chloride.291 With ethyl benzoate, the product is a mixture of 44 34 22 o/m/fhhy-... 

The ultraCLAVE is designed for safe processing of hazardous samples, for example waste, toxic chemicals, drugs, explosive, and pyrophoric materials. Semi-automated operation and complete computer control enable the nitrogen pressure compensation within the ultraCLAVE. 

According to Chapman and Williams (1988), the hazards involved in the disposal of low-level radioactive waste (LLW) are unlikely to be any more significant than those associated with the disposal of toxic MSW (with or without incineration as a pre-treatment) to monolandfill, yet the requirements for disposal of the latter regarding site selection, long term management and security are considerably less than for LLW. A comparison of waste toxicity has been shown to be difficult, not least because of the lack of data pertaining to toxic waste... 

Process GHG emission Waste Toxic emissions Product... 

Paint preparation and painting Paint thinners, reducers, paints, enamels, lacquers, epoxies, acrylics, primers, solvents Ignitable wastes, toxic wastes, spent solvents, paint wastes... 

Wrecking and demolition and vehicle/ equipment maintenance Degreasers, cleaners, motor oil and other petroleum products, solvents, rust removers Wreckage and debris that may contain ignitable or toxic substances, used oil, spent solvents, acid/alkaline wastes, ignitable wastes, toxic wastes... 

Healthcare waste is waste produced within the framework of the activities of care taken to people or to animals, or linked activities (e.g. medical analyses), whatever the place of this care is. These wastes are distinguished according to their nature radioactive waste, toxic waste, contaminated waste, waste similar to household refuse. They have several origins hospitals, private clinics, centres of care, medical laboratories, etc. 

As regards the management of wastes (toxic, radioactive, etc.) their proach consists of doing away with waste generation and inq)lementing clean technologies. It is imdoubtedly true that all industrial processes are open to improvement, but totally clean technology is utopian. 

Fulfilment of the requirements of green chemistry , such as atom-efficiency, the avoidance of waste, toxic and dangerous chemicals, better performing compounds, their biodegradability, eco-compatible solvents (H2O, supercritical CO2), energy reduction, and renewable materials, will be the fourth path for the future of phosgene chemistry. 

The remainder of wastes consists of reactive wastes corrosive wastes toxic wastes ignitable wastes and P wastes (discarded commercial chemical products, off-specification species, containers, and spill residues), U wastes, and unspecified types. 

As a result of human ignorance in the safe use of chemicals, carelessness in manufacture of synthetic compounds, occasional accidents, and improper disposal of chemical wastes, toxic... 

Initiative (GRI) metric concerning performance relating to safety and health there are more than 25 environmental metrics. In sustainability reporting, most attention is paid to the rate of improvement (decreased waste, toxic chemical usage, a shrinking carbon footprint) and not to absolute numbers, except fatalities. 

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