Shaped charges

Besides the aforementioned descriptors, grid-based methods are frequently used in the field of QSAR quantitative structure-activity relationships) [50]. A molecule is placed in a box and for an orthogonal grid of points the interaction energy values between this molecule and another small molecule, such as water, are calculated. The grid map thus obtained characterizes the molecular shape, charge distribution, and hydrophobicity. 

The incorporation of aluminum increases the blast effect of explosives but decreases the rates of detonation, fragmentation effectiveness, and shaped charge performance. Mixes with aluminum are made by first screening finely divided aluminum, adding it to a melted RDX—TNT slurry, and stirring until the mix is uniform. A desensitizer and calcium chloride may be incorporated, and the mixture cooled to ca 85°C then poured. Typical TNT-based aluminized explosives are the tritonals (TNT + Al), ammonals (TNT, AN, Al), minols (TNT, AN, Al) torpexes and HBXs (TNT, RDX, Al) (Table 14) (223-226). 

The criteria for insensitive explosives subjected to ha2ard tests permit no reaction more violent than burning in slow and fast cook-off tests and fragment and bullet tests, no propagation in sympathetic detonation tests, no detonation when stmck by a shaped charge jet, no sustained burning when hit by a small fragment, and such special tests as may be required by the use of the explosive. 

Significant quantities of nitromethane find use as fuel in drag racing and as a hobby fuel. In addition, nitromethane is used in explosive appHcations, particularly in shaped charges for specialized appHcations. It has the advantage of not in itself being classified as an explosive, but it can be made cap-sensitive on-site, thus simplifying the transport of the explosive system to remote locations. 

Walters, W.P., Influence of Material Viscosity on the Theory of Shaped-Charge Jet Formation, US Army Ballistic Research Laboratory Memorandum Report No. ARBRL-MR-02941, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 43 pp., August 1979. 

Shaped Charge Performance for Several Casting Methods. . O... 

TNT Al wax 47 31 22 5). Three MEDINA-contg formulations were compared with std expls in plate dent, air blast, underwater blast, and fragn tests. MEDINA showed a 4% improvement over RDX in shaped charge penetration (Ref 14). MEDINA was tested as a detonator fill, but was unsatisfactory due to poor stability (Ref 14)... 

It is designed to breach a path thru a mine field upon the deton, by fire from the pushing tank s machine guns, of the linear shaped charges (Ref 1). Earlier designs were termed snake, demolition (Ref 3)... 

Mohaupt-Effect. The effect of a metal liner introduced in a shaped charge to increase penetration. Generally incorporated in high expl antitank (HEAT) ammo. See Munroe-Neumann Effect, Vol 4, 444-R... 

Small amts of moisture can also affect expl performance. As little as 0.5% can cause unpredictable deton initiation and randomly variable deton vels, which could defeat the efficient use of an expl in, for example, a shaped charge application (Ref 26). See also Vol 4, D347-L D356-R... 

Munroe, Charles Edward (1849—1938). Leader in the development of expls in the USA. Inventor of the first American smokeless powder, Indurite (qv), and discoverer of the Munroe Effect (See Detonation, Munroe-Neumann Effect (Or Shaped Charge Effect) in Vol 4, D442-R to D454-L). Professor of chemistry at the US Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md, 1874—1886 chemist at the Naval Torpedo Station and Naval War College, Newport, RJ, 1886—1892 professor of chemistry at George Washington University, 1892—1917 and chief expls chemist of the US Bureau of Mines, 1919—1933. Author and co-author of numerous publications on expls Refs 1) H,W. Wiley, 1EC 15, 648-9 (1923)... 

Neumann, Egon (1884—1919). German bai-listician armament technologist. Especially known as a co-discoverer of the shaped charge... 

Shaped Charge Penetration Plate Acceleration Fragment Velocity... 

The improvement In penetration and damage produced by 105mm shaped charges of Octol over that of Composition B or TNT having the same charge geometry were further documented (Ref 10) ... 

Cumulative Crater Volumes Produced in Mild Steel Targets by 105mm Shaped Charges with Different Explosives... 

The best shaped charge results are obtained with expl compns having the highest detonation pressure HE as illustrated (Ref 20) ... 

Octol, at least at shorter standoffs, gives about 10% deeper penetrations than Composition B, but the latter is better at long standoffs since it seems to lessen perturbance of the shaped-charge jet... 

The superior shaped-charge performance of Octol, as indicated previously, is limited by perturbances of the detonation wave front that af-... 

N. Maropis, Ultrasonic Enhancement of Explosives Melt-Casting in Shaped-Charge Warheads , RR 70-32, Technidyne Incorporated, West Chester, Pa (1 70) 23) L. Friedel, G. 

Distribution and Octol Density Variation in Shaped Charge Warheads (Shillelagh, TOW, DRAGON) , FATM 2134 (April 1974)... 

A) H.A, Wetmore, Octol (HMX/TNT) A literature Review , PicArsnLiterature Search No 10 (1960) (Conf) B) J.K. Fleming, Underwater Shaped-Charge Tests. Phase II - Attack Angle. Study , DTMB C-1462 (1963) (Conf)... 

EE) R. Vincent E.L. Clark, Shaped Charge Liner Studies Using Various Materials , DRD-444 (1973) (ConO FF) R.C. Dean B.E. Craddock, Hard Structure Munition-Phase IIC , GER-15945 (1973) (ConO GG) C.R. Hoggatt, E,S. Grubin W.H, Snyder, Performance of Testing Services on High Explosive Devices and the Reduction of Accumulated Data , DRI-4782-7309-F (1973) (ConO HH) D.R. 

Kennedy A.W. Hall, X-Charge Investigation , FMC-338-001 (Jan 1974) (ConO U) D.R. Kennedy ir aj. meaacngci, rtliuauie v-.yiiuimi Warhead Prototype Development , AFATL TR-74-56 (1974) (ConO JJ) D.H. Mallory, Sequential Jet Shaped Charge , NWC-TR-5534... 

Panzeriausi. Ger WWii antitank projectile weapon utilizing a shaped charge expl and a tungsten carbide cere. It was lighter than an earlier version (Panzerschreck), and could be handled by one person. Its trajectory was flatter than the Panzerschreck, with a range of 150 meters Refs 1) L.E, Simon, German Research in World War II , J. Wiley, NY (1948), 187-8 2) Stettbacher (1948), 134... 

PIAT. Acronym for projector infantry antitank. A Brit WWII weapon based on the shaped charge effect. It fired a rocket-propelled charge weighing 3 lbs which could pierce 4-tnch armor plate Ref J. Quick, Dictionary of Weapons and Military Terms , McGraw Hill, NY (1973), 349... 

Rifle bullet sensitivity. About 60% of trials affected by 0.30 cal bullet fired at 90 ft, vs 92% affected for Pentolite Shaped charge effectiveness. Steel cone, hole volume 130% TNT... 

Stability. 100° Vac Stab test 2.6cc/5g/40 hrs 120° Vac Stab test ll+cc/5g/40 hrs Uses. Shaped charges and fragmentation weapons. Field tests showed that PTX-2 is superior to Pentolite... 

Zirconium. While almost any metal in the finely divided state exhibits pyrophoric properties, a few metals when abraded emit a shower of sparks of sufficient temp to ignite hydrocarbon vapors. Cerium is the best known metal of this kind for commercial purposes, such as gas lighter flints. For military purposes Zr is the most used. It has found applications in HE and armor-piercing incendiary ammo, the lining of shaped-charge rounds, and in incendiary cluster bombs (Ref 7, pp 100-01)... 

The tendency to maintain their spontaneous size and shape Charging of nanoparticles [219]... 

---