Legislative control

Chemical treatment of diseases is not common, because of legislative controls and costs caused by the difficulty of appHcation through the leaf canopy. Breeding of resistant varieties is the main weapon for disease control. Some diseases, chiefly ratoon stunting disease, are controlled by hot water treatment of cane (6,8). 

There is an important feedback factor which cannot be properly evaluated at this time. It concerns future municipal investment in a specific waste control system. This could result in legislation controlling the input of important potential waste materials to the municipality. For example large capital investment in a heat/energy recovery system based on incineration might induce legislative restrictions on low calorific materials like metals and glass. 

Legislative controls are generally applicable to the various forms of wastes and disposal routes. 

Selected relevant legislation Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 1987 and subsequent amendments... 

As discussed in Chapter 17, legislative controls including stringent consent conditions are applied in the UK to all discharges to specified sewers. (Discharge of effluent to surface water drains is prohibited.) Limits, or even total prohibitions, are placed upon certain chemicals to avoid... 

Control of pollution and waste disposal 349 Auditing 353 Legislative control 353... 

Government regulation will continue to be a significant part of the practice of chemical process safety. Since the OSHAct was signed into law, substantial new legislation controlling the workplace and community environment has been enacted. Table 3-3 provides a summary of... 

The control of food additives has been much discussed in newspapers and other parts of the media and yet, rather surprisingly, there have been few scientific books about additives. There have been detailed reports of the work of expert committees such as the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (e.g. WHO, 2000) and informative commentaries on individual additives and legislative controls, notably those in the European Union (EU) (e.g. Leatherhead Food Research Association, 2000). There have also been articles on work to harmonise worldwide control of additives (Keefe et al., 2000). 

The scheduling of drugs is performed under State and Territory (henceforth referred to as State) legislation controlling access to medicines, but is coordinated at a national level to ensure uniformity except in exceptional circumstances. 

Siegwart Y, Some critical comments on the legislative control of flavouring in food, FlavourFragr/8 87—90, 1993. 

Musto, David F. The History of Legislative Control Over Opium, Cocaine, and Their Derivatives. Schaffer Library of Drug Policy. Available online at http //druglibrary.org/schaffer/history/ophs.htm.Accessed June 2,2006. 

Obviously, the risk of causing dependence is an important consideration in the therapeutic use of these drugs. Despite that risk, under no circumstances should adequate pain relief ever be withheld simply because an opioid exhibits potential for abuse or because legislative controls complicate the process of prescribing narcotics. Furthermore, certain principles can be observed by the clinician to minimize problems presented by tolerance and dependence when using opioid... 

On a global scale, there is good correlation between quality standards for fin it and fruit juice processed in different regions. In the European Union, legislative controls are set up, or modified, by the central European Council of Ministers, usually following discussion with and between trade organisations from the EU member countries. A new directive, once agreed and approved, is translated into the statutory laws of the member countries concerned. 

Across the globe, countries employ their own legislative controls for food ingredients, but there are two main regions that exert great influence upon world opinion on this issue the European system controlled by the European Parliament with designated E-numbers for permitted food additives, and the system used in the United States where at the federal level the Federal Food, Drag and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) lays down the framework for food safety. 

Continuing critical re-assessment of the usefulness versus the harmfulness of amphetamines has led to further restrictions in their use (SED-9, 10). They have been subjected to rigid legislative control in many countries, accompanied by recommendations that they should not be prescribed. The World Health Organization and the United Nations have also stressed the need for strict control of amphetamines (SED-9,10) (87). 

As discussed in Chapter 2, BFRs have been used as additive and reactive flame retardants in myriad materials and products for over 30 years because of their effectiveness and low cost (Alcock and Busby, 2006). Similarly to PCBs, some BFRs, notably PBDEs, are widely dispersed in our environment and food supplies (e.g. Lorber, 2008 Pozo et ah, 2006 Ross et al, 2009). Again, we use our concepmal model presented in Figure 8.1 to interpret temporal trends in concentrations and exposure. We also use it to discuss the role and effectiveness of pohcies and legislative controls. We focus our discussion on PBDEs for which most is known, with some information on HBCD and TBBPA and newer BFRs such as bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, or BTBPE, and (2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophtha-late, or TBPH (Stapleton et al, 2008 Kolic et al, 2009). We use the quotation marks for newer because at least some of these BFRs have been in the marketplace for decades but have seen revived use as countries have banned penta- and octa-BDE and, most recently, deca-BDE (e.g. Alcock and Busby, 2006 Hoh et al, 2006 Stapleton et al, 2008). 

---