Disposal options

LandtiUing of Hazardous Wastes In many states, the only disposal option available for most hazardous wastes is landfilling. The basis for the management of hazardous-wastes landfills is set forth in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976. In general, disposal sites for hazardous wastes shoiild be separate from sites for municipal solid wastes. If separate sites are not possible, great care must be taken to ensure that separate disposal operations are maintained. 

Listing of solid wastes, quantities, analyses and physical form (e.g. solid, slurry, suspension, sludge) toxicity and flammability. Checking the reliability and legality of waste disposal options, including any transportation offsite. Record keeping. 

After thickening, a variety of sludge handling and disposal options are available. For example, the thickened sludge can be applied directly to land. If liquid disposal is not applicable to a specific project, the thickened sludge can be dewatered by centrifugation, vacuum filtration, or filter pressing. The dewatered residue can then be land fill or incinerated. These options are discussed further on. 

In the author s group, much lower-melting benzenesulfonate, tosylate, or octyl-sulfate ionic liquids have recently been obtained in combination with imidazolium ions. These systems have been successfully applied as catalyst media for the biphasic, Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation of 1-octene [14]. The catalyst activities obtained with these systems were in all cases equal to or even higher than those found with the commonly used [BMIM][PF6]. Taking into account the much lower costs of the ionic medium, the better hydrolysis stability, and the wider disposal options relating to, for example, an octylsulfate ionic liquid in comparison to [BMIM][PF6], there is no real reason to center future hydroformylation research around hexafluorophosphate ionic liquids. 

Now that much of the world has agreed to nuclear disarmament, scientists and world leaders are searching for uses for the surplus weapons-grade plutonium. Instead of pursuing disposal options, one option is the use of mixed-oxide (MOX) nuclear fuel. 

The significance of these industrial effluent disposal options on the location of an industrial plant is essentially cost. As previously stated, the EPA does not, as yet, impose a cost on effluents complying with the Consent standards discharged to surface waters or to land. However, the cost of installing and operating treatment... 

This paper describes a life eyele analysis study eondueted to determine the environmental impaet of meehanieal recycling in comparison to, or in conjunction with, other post-consumer HDPE disposal options - landfill, incineration, and energy reeovery. The results are presented and discussed in full. 

Batteries may be taken to a household-hazardous-waste collection or a local battery collection program. One can also contact the battery manufacturer for other disposal options or for information on collection programs. If disposal is the only option, and the household batteries are not banned from the permitted landfill in the area, one should protect the batteries for disposal by placing them in a sturdy plastic bag in a sturdy container to help guard against leakage. Waste batteries should not be burned because of the metals that could explode. When burned, some heavy metals such as mercury may vaporize and escape into the air, and cadmium and lead may end up in the ash.12... 

Rosato, L. I. Agnew, M. J. Iron disposal options at Canadian electrolytic zinc. Iron Control and Disposal, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Iron Control in Hydrometallurgy, 2nd, Ottawa, Oct. 20-23, 1996, 77-89. 

Taking into account the much lower costs of the ionic medium, the better stability against hydrolysis and the wider disposal options related to, for example, an octylsulfate or a tosylate ionic liquid in comparison to BMIM PF6], there is no real reason to centre future hydroformylation research around hexafluorophosphate ionic liquids. 

Radioactive wastes are usually stored in underground tanks or in temporary storage at reactor sites for recycling or disposal (Whicker and Schultz 1982a). For low-level wastes, containment and isolation are the preferred disposal options, including burial, hydraulic injection into deep geological strata, and ocean disposal (Table 32.10). Options for the disposal of high-level wastes include... 

Other disposal options for the sewage sludge are landfill, dumping at sea (forbidden in the EU since 1998) [30], and incineration. The most popular for solid waste disposal is landfill. However, many of the disposal sites are open dumps without protective barriers or leachate-collection systems, which represent a potential risk to the quality of the nearby groundwater. 

Farrington, J. W. and Westall, J. (1986). Organic chemical pollutants in the oceans and groundwater a review of fundamental chemical properties and biogeochemistry. In The Role of the Oceans as a Waste Disposal Option, ed. Kullenberg, G., NATO ASI Series, D. Reidel, Boston, pp. 361 125. 

In addition, disposal options are presented with a discussion on the reinjection of untreated groundwater during free-phase LNAPL recovery. 

Stover, E. L., 1989, Coproduced Ground Water Treatment and Disposal Options during Hydrocarbon Recovery Operations Ground Water Monitoring Review, Winter, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 75-82. 

The four disposal options generally cited for intentional waste products are recycle, landfill, wastewater treatment facilities and composting. Unintentional solid waste is generally referred to as Titter . 

Characteristics of solid and liquid residuals in relation to land disposal restrictions requirements using the toxic constituent leaching procedure and analysis of the underlying hazardous constituents such that implementation of proper disposal options can be ensured. 

This book examines five methods used for concentrate management, namely disposal to surface water, disposal to sewerage, deep well injection, land applications and evaporation ponds. In particular, the book focuses on the design, siting, cost, and environmental impacts of these methods. While these methods are widely practiced in a variety of settings already, there are many limitations that restrict the use of certain disposal options in particular locations. 

In terms of concentrate management, some disposal options are better suited to low volume and high concentration, while others are better suited to high volume with lower concentration. Ultimately there may be a balance between plant performance and disposal suitability. Plants with high recovery rates that produce a more concentrated brine must have the means to dispose of this concentrate in a safe and environmentally friendly manner. When suitable concentrate management is not achievable, the recovery of a plant may need to be compromised. 

The concentrate volume and plant location will tend to be the two major factors that determine the suitability of a particular option. The concentration of the brine is also important, as the severity of potential environmental impacts generally increases with increasing concentration. The siting of a desalination plant must take into account the availability of disposal options, along with potential sources of feed water for the plant and the proximity to the end user. 

Abstract Deep well injection is the disposal of concentrate into the voids and pores of rocks deep underground. Concentrate is injected down a well that consists of several layers of casing and grouting. Porous rocks are then used to contain the concentrate, while shale, clay and other impermeable rock formations are used to prevent the water contaminating aquifers. The conditions required for deep well injection are quite specific, and as such this disposal option is not widely employed. 

Important biogeochemical processes affecting the fate of chemical pollutants in marine ecosystems. Source-. From Farrington, J. W., and J. Westall (1986). The Role of Oceans as a Waste Disposal Option, NATO ASI Series No. 172. D. Reidel Publ., pp. 361-425. 

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